Many believe the “mosquito hawk” tirelessly preys on mosquitoes, offering a natural solution to these biting pests. This widely held belief often inspires a sense of relief. However, the true nature of the “mosquito hawk” is quite different from this popular narrative. This article clarifies the actual identity and habits of the insect commonly given this name.
Identifying the “Mosquito Hawk”
The insect most frequently called a “mosquito hawk” is actually a crane fly, belonging to the family Tipulidae. These insects are often mistaken for oversized mosquitoes due to their slender bodies, long, delicate legs, and winged appearance. Adult crane flies typically range from 13 to 20 mm in length, with some species reaching up to 35 mm, and possess transparent or brownish wings. Despite this resemblance, crane flies lack the piercing, biting mouthparts that mosquitoes possess. The confusion often arises from their similar moist habitats, leading people to associate the larger crane fly with mosquito control.
The Crane Fly Diet
Adult Crane Fly Diet
Contrary to their nickname, adult crane flies do not eat mosquitoes. Many adult crane fly species have a very short lifespan (1 to 15 days) and some do not feed at all, focusing solely on reproduction. If they do consume anything, it is typically nectar or other sugary plant fluids.
Larval Crane Fly Diet
The larval stage, known as “leatherjackets” due to their tough skin, has a different diet. These larvae primarily feed on decaying organic matter in the soil, such as decomposing vegetation, wood, plant roots, fungi, and algae found in moist habitats. Crane fly larvae are not predators of mosquito larvae, which typically develop in standing water.
Ecological Contributions of Crane Flies
While crane flies do not prey on mosquitoes, they play several roles in their ecosystems. Their larvae are significant decomposers, breaking down organic material in soil and contributing to nutrient cycling, which returns valuable nutrients to the earth, supporting plant growth and soil health. Adult crane flies, despite their brief existence, serve as a food source for various animals like birds, bats, spiders, and other predatory insects, integrating them into diverse food webs. In some instances, crane fly larvae can become minor agricultural pests by feeding on the roots of crops and turfgrass, particularly in moist conditions. Generally, crane flies are harmless to humans and are integral to natural decomposition and food chains.