Javelinas, also known as collared peccaries, are pig-like mammals native to the Americas. While they possess tails, these are notably short and often not easily visible, leading to a common misconception that they are tailless.
Understanding Javelina Anatomy
Javelinas have a short, stubby tail, typically hidden by their coarse, bristly fur. This often leads to the misconception that they are tailless. In contrast, domestic pigs and wild boars have longer, more prominent tails. The average javelina tail measures around 1.2 cm in length.
Beyond their tail, javelinas have a compact, muscular build, typically standing 18-24 inches tall at the shoulder and weighing 35 to 55 pounds. They are named “collared peccaries” for the unique collar of lighter fur, often white or yellowish, around their neck and shoulders. Their canines are straight and sharp, pointing downwards, unlike the curved tusks of true pigs. These tusks are continuously sharpened as they rub against each other and are primarily used for defense.
Javelinas also possess a dorsal scent gland, located on their back, approximately six to seven inches above their tail. This gland emits a strong, musky odor, used for territory marking and identifying other herd members. Due to their relatively poor eyesight, javelinas rely heavily on their sense of smell for communication and navigation. They often rub this gland on rocks, trees, and each other to spread their scent, which helps maintain group cohesion.
Javelinas in Their Environment
Javelinas are found from the Southwestern United States, including Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, southward through Mexico, Central America, and into northern Argentina. They inhabit diverse environments, including deserts, scrublands, oak woodlands, and grasslands with mixed shrubs and cacti. Their robust body and short tail are adaptations that allow them to navigate dense vegetation and arid landscapes effectively.
These animals live in social groups, or herds, typically ranging from 10 to 40 individuals, though groups as large as 50 have been observed. This herding behavior offers enhanced defense against predators like mountain lions and coyotes, and more efficient foraging. Javelinas are primarily herbivorous, with a diet of various plants, including roots, fruits, and cacti, particularly prickly pear. The water content in prickly pear cactus helps them survive in arid regions.
During the hottest parts of the day, javelinas seek shelter in shaded areas, caves, or dense brush to manage heat. They are often more active during cooler morning and evening hours, and may forage at night during summer months. Their compact build and short tail aid them in moving through their habitat and utilizing available cover.