The distinctive vocalizations of spotted hyenas often evoke images of laughter, earning them the moniker “laughing hyenas.” This human-like cackle frequently leads to the misconception that these animals are expressing amusement. However, this interpretation is far from the biological reality, prompting a deeper look into their complex communication system.
The Sound’s True Nature
The sound commonly perceived as a hyena’s “laugh” is a high-pitched, staccato vocalization, often described by scientists as a “giggle call” or “cackle.” Produced primarily by the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), this unique sound is not an expression of joy or humor. Acoustic analyses indicate it falls within a frequency range of 1 to 4 kHz, with an average frequency around 2.5 kHz.
This vocalization serves as a specialized form of communication. Understanding its context and acoustic properties is important for deciphering the social dynamics of hyena clans.
Purpose of the “Laugh”
The “laugh” of a spotted hyena is a sophisticated communication tool within their highly social structure. It conveys messages about the animal’s emotional state and social standing. This vocalization occurs during high excitement or agitation, such as feeding frenzies, territorial disputes, or when confronting larger predators like lions or competing for resources.
The sound also signals distress or submission, particularly among lower-ranking individuals. When threatened, a hyena may produce this cackle. The “giggle” communicates information about the individual’s identity, age, and social status within the clan. Variations in pitch and frequency reveal whether the vocalizing hyena is older or more dominant, with higher-ranking individuals often producing lower-pitched sounds. This vocalization can also act as a call for help or a signal for cooperation during competitive encounters.
Beyond the “Laugh”
The “laugh” is one component of the spotted hyena’s diverse vocal repertoire, which includes as many as 14 distinct sounds. These vocalizations serve various communicative purposes, reflecting their complex social lives. For instance, the “whoop” is a loud, far-reaching call used for long-distance communication, announcing an individual’s presence and enabling recognition among clan members up to five kilometers away.
Other vocalizations include grunts and groans for close interactions, such as mother-cub communication or greetings. Growls serve as warning signals, while lowing calls indicate excitement during a hunt. Cubs also have specific whines or “squeaks” to signal their desire to nurse. This array of sounds, combined with body language, underscores the sophisticated nature of hyena communication, allowing them to coordinate activities and maintain social cohesion within their clans.