Birds are known for their diverse diets, and surprisingly, some species regularly consume insects like wasps and bees. This dietary habit might seem counterintuitive given these insects’ stinging capabilities. However, certain birds have evolved specialized behaviors and adaptations that allow them to safely prey on these formidable insects, turning a seemingly dangerous meal into a valuable food source.
Avian Predators of Wasps and Bees
Many bird species feed on wasps and bees, with some developing a specific reliance on these insects. The most notable are bee-eaters, found across the Old World and Australasia. Their diet often consists largely of bees and wasps, making them specialists.
Beyond bee-eaters, other birds also actively hunt these insects. The European Honey-Buzzard, a large raptor, primarily targets wasp larvae, using its robust claws to excavate nests from the ground or trees. In North America, the Summer Tanager is often referred to as the “beebird” due to its preference for bees and wasps, which it skillfully catches. Shrikes also include wasps and bees in their diet. Flycatchers are agile aerial hunters that frequently snatch wasps and bees mid-flight.
Ingenious Hunting Techniques
Birds that prey on stinging insects employ various strategies to avoid being stung. A common technique involves catching the insect in mid-air, a maneuver perfected by bee-eaters, tanagers, and flycatchers. Once captured, the bird will often fly to a perch to process its prey. Many species, including bee-eaters and Summer Tanagers, repeatedly rub or hit the insect against a hard surface like a branch. This action removes the stinger and discharges venom, rendering the insect harmless.
Honey-buzzards, when targeting wasp nests, possess unique physical adaptations. They have heavy, scale-like feathers on their heads that provide a protective barrier against stings as they dig into nests. Their feathers may also contain a chemical deterrent. Summer Tanagers exhibit a different approach when seeking wasp larvae, often harassing or killing adult wasps guarding the nest, then tearing open the paper structure to access the larvae inside. Flycatchers have also been observed grasping wasps by their rear end and vigorously beating them against a perch.
Why Birds Target Stinging Insects
Despite the potential danger, wasps and bees are a valuable food source for birds due to their high nutritional content. Rich in protein, they are particularly important during breeding seasons when birds need ample energy to feed their young and support rapid growth. They contribute significantly to a bird’s dietary needs, providing essential nutrients.
Beyond nutritional benefits, birds play an important ecological role by preying on these insects. Consuming wasps and bees helps regulate insect populations within their ecosystems. For instance, the American Kestrel, which includes bees in its diet, helps control insect numbers, supporting a balanced environment. This predation demonstrates how birds integrate into the food web, impacting insect dynamics and benefiting the broader ecological community.