Ants often raise questions about their defensive capabilities, particularly regarding stingers. While many ant species are known for biting, a significant number also possess stingers, used to inject venom. This ability serves as both a defense mechanism and a tool for subduing prey. Understanding the difference between an ant’s bite and sting clarifies their potential impact.
The Stinger: Not Universal
Not all ant species sting. Among those that do, the stinger is found only in female worker ants. This specialized organ is a modified ovipositor, an egg-laying structure in other insects. In sterile female worker ants, the ovipositor has evolved into a venom-injecting apparatus. Male ants do not possess stingers.
When an ant stings, it often first grips the skin with its mandibles, or jaws. After securing itself, the ant arches its abdomen and inserts the stinger to inject venom. This differs from a bite, where the ant uses only its mandibles to pinch. Some ants, like carpenter ants, primarily bite and may spray formic acid, causing a burning sensation, while others can both bite and sting.
Common Stinging Ants
Several ant species are recognized for their painful stings. Fire ants, especially the red imported fire ant, are aggressive and known for their potent sting. These ants, typically reddish-brown and about 0.25 inches long, are prevalent in the southern United States and often swarm, leading to multiple stings. Their stings cause immediate burning and can result in itchy, red bumps that may develop into pus-filled blisters.
Harvester ants are another group known for their painful stings, often compared to a bee sting. These ants, 5-8mm long with red or orange coloring, are commonly found in the southwestern and southeastern United States. While most species inflict a painful sting, the venom of some, like the Maricopa harvester ant, can be particularly severe. Bulldog ants, native to Australia, also have very painful stings, which can cause intense, long-lasting pain.
Responding to an Ant Sting
An ant sting typically causes localized symptoms like pain, redness, swelling, and itching at the sting site. Fire ant stings often develop small bumps or pustules, which are pus-filled blisters. The venom injected by stinging ants contains various compounds, including alkaloids and proteins, contributing to pain and inflammation. Fire ant venom, for example, is about 95% alkaloid.
If stung, quickly brush off any ants still on the skin, as some can sting multiple times. Wash the affected area with soap and water. Applying a cool compress can help reduce swelling and discomfort. Over-the-counter pain relievers can also manage pain. While most ant stings are minor, seek medical attention if swelling or pain persists for over three days, or if allergic reactions like difficulty breathing, dizziness, or widespread hives occur.