Dengue is a viral infection transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, primarily the Aedes aegypti species. This illness presents a significant public health challenge across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, impacting millions annually. While many infections are mild, dengue can sometimes progress to severe forms, leading to serious complications.
Dengue’s Landscape in Mexico
Dengue is a persistent public health concern in Mexico, with cases reported in 28 of its 32 states. The incidence rates have shown a notable increase, rising from 29.4 cases per 100,000 people in 2022 to 279.0 per 100,000 in 2024. This widespread presence is particularly pronounced in coastal and southeastern regions, as well as the Pacific coast, which offer ideal conditions for the Aedes aegypti mosquito.
The prevalence of dengue in Mexico is influenced by several interconnected factors. Tropical and subtropical climates, characterized by warmth and humidity, create favorable breeding environments for the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Urbanization also plays a role, as these mosquitoes thrive in close proximity to human dwellings, often laying eggs in artificial containers that collect water around homes, schools, and workplaces. The rainy season, typically lasting until October, further exacerbates the issue by providing abundant standing water for mosquito breeding.
Historically, high-incidence areas have shifted over time, with recent trends pointing to the southeast and Pacific coast. The presence of all four dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4) also contributes to the disease’s complexity, with DENV-2 being a prevalent serotype in Mexico.
Recognizing and Responding to Dengue
Dengue symptoms typically appear 3 to 14 days after infection, often resembling other illnesses like malaria or influenza. Common signs include a sudden high fever, severe headache, pain behind the eyes, muscle and joint pain, nausea, vomiting, and a skin rash. Minor hemorrhagic manifestations, such as small red spots or skin bruising, may also occur.
While many dengue infections are mild, a small proportion can progress to severe dengue, a life-threatening condition. Warning signs for severe dengue usually emerge 24 to 48 hours after the fever subsides and include intense abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, bleeding gums or nosebleeds, blood in vomit or stool, extreme tiredness, restlessness, and cold or clammy extremities. Prompt medical attention is advised if these warning signs appear.
Diagnosing dengue can be challenging due to its overlapping symptoms with other febrile illnesses. A healthcare provider will inquire about a patient’s medical and travel history, including recent trips to dengue-prone areas. Blood tests are used to confirm the diagnosis, detecting viral RNA or antibodies to the virus.
There is no specific antiviral treatment for dengue fever; care is primarily supportive. For mild cases, rest and plenty of fluids are recommended to prevent dehydration. Acetaminophen can help manage fever and pain, but aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen sodium should be avoided as they can increase the risk of bleeding complications.
Severe dengue cases often require hospitalization for intravenous fluid and electrolyte replacement, blood pressure monitoring, and potentially blood transfusions.
Preventive Measures and Travel Safety
Preventing dengue largely relies on avoiding mosquito bites, especially in areas where the disease is common. When in dengue-prone regions of Mexico, using insect repellent containing DEET (at least 20%) on exposed skin is recommended, and reapplication may be necessary if sweating. Wearing protective clothing that covers most of the body can also reduce skin exposure to mosquitoes.
Minimizing mosquito breeding sites around living spaces is another effective strategy. Regularly cleaning patios and rooftops, covering water storage containers, and eliminating unused items that can collect water, such as old tires or buckets, helps to reduce mosquito populations. Installing screens on windows and using mosquito nets, particularly over beds, can also help prevent bites indoors.
While there is no universally available dengue vaccine for the general public in Mexico, ongoing efforts are focused on vaccine development and mosquito control programs. Currently, the primary focus for individuals remains on personal protection and community-level mosquito reduction efforts.