Crocetin is a natural compound, an apocarotenoid dicarboxylic acid, belonging to the carotenoid family of natural pigments. It contributes to the vibrant color of saffron, a spice derived from the Crocus sativus flower. This compound is the central structure of crocin, the primary yellow pigment found in saffron.
Where Crocetin is Found
The most recognized natural source of crocetin is saffron, obtained from the dried stigmas of the Crocus sativus L. plant. In saffron, crocetin exists primarily as crocin, a glycoside where crocetin is bound to sugar molecules.
Beyond saffron, crocetin is also found in the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides, commonly known as gardenia fruit. In China, gardenia fruits have a history of use in herbal remedies and as natural colorants. While saffron is considerably more expensive due to its rarity and labor-intensive harvesting, gardenia fruit offers a more economical source of crocetin and its related compounds.
How Crocetin May Benefit Health
Crocetin has garnered attention for its diverse range of potential health benefits, many of which are linked to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It exhibits these effects by influencing various cellular pathways and reducing oxidative stress. Research indicates that crocetin can reduce lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels while increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).
The compound shows promise in supporting cognitive function and eye health. Studies in aged mice have demonstrated that crocetin can improve memory behavior and neuromuscular coordination, potentially by increasing cellular energy levels and upregulating genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation in the brain. In a rat model of vascular dementia, crocetin improved spatial learning and memory, possibly due to its antioxidant and neuroprotective effects on hippocampal neurons. For eye health, a clinical trial in children suggested that crocetin supplementation could suppress myopia progression and axial length elongation, possibly by improving ocular blood flow and influencing genes related to myopia suppression. It may also protect retinal function and support choroidal thickness.
Crocetin’s anti-inflammatory actions are observed through its ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). It can also downregulate inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, while potentially increasing anti-inflammatory interleukins like IL-10. This modulation of inflammatory pathways highlights its anti-inflammatory potential.
In the context of cardiovascular health, crocetin may offer protective effects. It has been shown to reduce systolic blood pressure and thrombogenesis in animal models. Crocetin can also improve markers of lipid metabolism, such as reducing serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL levels, through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Furthermore, it has been investigated for its potential to protect against myocardial injury by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in heart tissues.
Preliminary research also suggests antidiabetic properties for crocetin. It has been identified as a dual agonist of GPR40 and GPR120 receptors, which play a role in glucose regulation. This mechanism may enhance the secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells and GLP-1 from intestinal neuroendocrine cells, thereby influencing glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity. Animal studies have shown crocetin can decrease inflammatory markers and increase antioxidant enzyme levels in models of gestational diabetes mellitus.
Using Crocetin Safely
Crocetin is considered safe at typical consumption levels, often derived from saffron or saffron extracts. In human clinical trials, saffron and its constituents, including crocin (which converts to crocetin in the body), have shown a relatively safe profile at doses up to 100 mg per day for several weeks. Some reported side effects in studies have included drowsiness, stomach problems, nausea, vomiting, and in rare cases, prolonged menstrual bleeding or burning sensations.
High doses of saffron, typically 5 grams or more, are considered potentially unsafe and can lead to poisoning, with doses of 12-20 grams potentially causing severe outcomes. However, the specific toxicity of isolated crocetin, particularly at very high doses, is less extensively studied in humans compared to whole saffron extract. Animal studies on crocetin have suggested a low acute toxicity, with high oral doses not leading to significant mortality.
When considering crocetin supplementation, it is important to consult a healthcare professional. This is particularly relevant for individuals with existing health conditions, such as kidney stones or a history of heavy menstrual bleeding, as well as those taking other medications. A healthcare provider can offer personalized advice regarding appropriate dosages and potential interactions, ensuring safe and informed use.