Kaposi sarcoma is a rare form of cancer that often affects the skin and can sometimes involve internal organs. This condition develops from the cells that line blood or lymph vessels.
Understanding Classic Kaposi Sarcoma
Classic Kaposi sarcoma is considered a slow-growing type of cancer, distinguishing it from more aggressive forms. Its development is strongly linked to the Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV). This virus is consistently found in the tumor cells of individuals with Kaposi sarcoma, indicating its direct role in the disease’s onset.
The classic form of Kaposi sarcoma primarily affects older men, particularly those of Mediterranean, Eastern European, or Ashkenazi Jewish descent. While HHV-8 infection is necessary for the disease to develop, it is not sufficient on its own, as many people infected with HHV-8 never develop Kaposi sarcoma. Other factors, such as age-related immune system changes and genetic predispositions, are believed to contribute to its manifestation in this specific population.
Recognizing the Signs
Lesions associated with classic Kaposi sarcoma typically begin as flat patches on the skin. These patches can slowly evolve into raised plaques, firm nodules, or even tumors. The characteristic colors of these lesions can vary, often appearing red, purple, brown, or black, reflecting the presence of abnormal blood vessels and blood components within them.
These distinctive lesions most commonly appear on the lower legs, feet, and ankles. They can also develop on other skin surfaces or mucous membranes, such as inside the mouth or nose. The presence of these lesions can be accompanied by swelling, known as lymphedema, in the affected limbs due to impaired lymphatic drainage.
Diagnosis and Treatment Options
The primary method for diagnosing classic Kaposi sarcoma involves a skin biopsy of a suspicious lesion. A small tissue sample is removed and then examined under a microscope by a pathologist. This examination reveals characteristic features, including abnormal spindle cells and an increase in irregular blood vessels, confirming the diagnosis.
While a biopsy is definitive, tests for HHV-8 DNA or antibodies can support the diagnosis. If internal organ involvement is suspected, healthcare providers may recommend additional tests. These can include imaging studies, such as CT scans, or endoscopic procedures.
Treatment for classic Kaposi sarcoma aims to manage symptoms, control the growth of existing lesions, and prevent the development of new ones. For isolated or limited lesions, local treatments are often employed. These include surgical excision to remove the lesion, cryotherapy which involves freezing the lesion, or intralesional injections of chemotherapy agents directly into the lesion.
Radiation therapy is another common approach, particularly for larger or multiple lesions, or when symptom relief is needed. This treatment uses high-energy rays to shrink tumors and alleviate discomfort. Systemic treatments, such as chemotherapy or other targeted therapies, are generally reserved for widespread disease or cases involving internal organs, as these are less frequently needed for the localized classic cutaneous form.
Living with Classic Kaposi Sarcoma
Classic Kaposi sarcoma typically follows an indolent, or slow-growing, course, particularly when the lesions are confined to the skin. The prognosis for individuals with this form of the disease is generally favorable, and it often progresses over many years rather than rapidly. This slow progression allows for effective long-term management.
Regular medical monitoring is important for individuals living with classic Kaposi sarcoma to detect any new lesions or signs of disease progression. While the condition is manageable, the possibility of recurrence exists, necessitating ongoing follow-up with healthcare providers. Although it is a chronic condition, its manageable nature means many individuals can maintain a good quality of life.