Chondrocalcinosis is a condition characterized by calcium deposits within joint cartilage. These deposits can lead to joint pain and inflammation. While common, especially in older adults, they do not always cause symptoms.
What is Chondrocalcinosis?
Chondrocalcinosis involves the accumulation of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystals within joint cartilage. These crystals can trigger an inflammatory response, leading to pain, swelling, and potential joint damage. The condition is often associated with “pseudogout,” a form of inflammatory arthritis that mimics true gout. Pseudogout is caused by CPPD crystal buildup, while true gout results from uric acid crystals. Though both involve crystal deposits and similar symptoms, the crystal type and often the affected joints differ.
Symptoms and Affected Joints
Individuals with chondrocalcinosis may experience sudden episodes of intense joint pain, swelling, tenderness, and warmth in the affected area. The skin around the joint might also show discoloration or redness. These inflammatory flare-ups can last for days or even weeks.
The condition most frequently affects larger joints, including the knees, wrists, shoulders, and hips. Other joints like the ankles, hands, and elbows can also be involved. While symptoms vary in severity and duration, some individuals have no symptoms between episodes, while others might develop chronic pain and stiffness due to ongoing joint damage.
Causes and Risk Factors
Age is a primary risk factor for chondrocalcinosis, with prevalence increasing significantly in individuals over 65. Genetic predisposition can play a role, as the condition sometimes runs in families.
Several metabolic disorders and other health conditions are linked to an increased risk. These include hemochromatosis (excess iron absorption), hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid glands leading to high calcium levels), and hypomagnesemia (low blood magnesium). Joint trauma or previous surgery can also contribute to the development of these calcium deposits.
Diagnosis and Management
Diagnosing chondrocalcinosis often involves medical imaging and joint fluid analysis. X-rays frequently reveal characteristic calcium deposits within the cartilage, appearing as white lines. If diagnosis remains uncertain, fluid from the affected joint may be aspirated and examined under a microscope to identify CPPD crystals.
Managing chondrocalcinosis focuses on alleviating symptoms, as there is no cure for the underlying crystal deposition. Acute flare-ups are commonly treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce pain and inflammation. Corticosteroids, administered orally or injected directly into the joint, and colchicine are also used to manage inflammation during acute attacks. For severe pain and swelling, excess fluid may be aspirated from the joint, followed by a corticosteroid injection. Physical therapy can also be recommended to help maintain joint function and reduce stiffness.