Chemotherapy is a common medical treatment for cancer, using specialized drugs to target and eliminate cancer cells. Its purpose is to destroy malignant cells, though the process can be intricate. This article aims to clarify the mechanisms, administration, and management of chemotherapy, providing accessible information.
Understanding Chemotherapy and Its Mechanisms
Chemotherapy targets rapidly dividing cells. Cancer cells are characterized by their uncontrolled and fast multiplication, making them particularly susceptible to these drugs. Chemotherapy drugs interfere with the cell cycle (the process by which cells grow and divide), disrupting their ability to replicate and leading to cell death. Different types of chemotherapy drugs act at various points in this cycle, preventing cell division and damaging the cell’s genetic material, like DNA or RNA.
Some chemotherapy agents, known as alkylating agents, directly interfere with the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from dividing properly. Antimetabolites, another class of drugs, mimic the natural building blocks of DNA and RNA, thereby disrupting cell division. The goal of chemotherapy can vary: it may aim to cure the cancer, reduce the risk of its return, slow its growth, or shrink tumors to alleviate symptoms like pain. This treatment can also make other therapies, such as surgery or radiation, more effective.
How Chemotherapy Is Given
Chemotherapy can be administered through several methods, tailored to the cancer type, specific drugs, and patient needs. Intravenous (IV) infusion is a common method, where drugs are delivered directly into the bloodstream through a vein, often in the arm or chest. This can involve a needle, a catheter (a thin tube), or a port (a small disc implanted under the skin) for repeated treatments.
Oral chemotherapy involves taking pills or liquids by mouth, offering convenience for at-home use. Injections can be given into a muscle (intramuscular) or under the skin (subcutaneous), allowing for slower absorption than IV methods. Topical chemotherapy, as creams, can be applied directly to the skin for certain skin cancers. Treatment is typically given in cycles, consisting of drug administration followed by a rest period for body recovery. Sessions range from minutes to several hours, or even days for continuous infusions, with cycles repeating weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly.
Managing Common Side Effects
Chemotherapy affects healthy, rapidly dividing cells in hair follicles, bone marrow, and the digestive tract, leading to various side effects. Nausea and vomiting are common, often managed with prescribed anti-nausea medications. Eating small, frequent meals and avoiding spicy, fried, or high-fat foods can also help.
Hair loss often begins within the first three weeks of treatment because chemotherapy damages fast-growing hair follicle cells. While typically temporary, with hair regrowth occurring after treatment concludes, it can be a concern. Fatigue is another prevalent side effect, often worsening with each treatment cycle, and can be managed by prioritizing rest and light physical activity. Mouth sores, known as mucositis, can develop from irritation of the mouth lining, making eating painful. Good oral hygiene, including regular brushing with a soft toothbrush and using alcohol-free mouthwash, helps prevent and manage these sores.
Chemotherapy can also lower white blood cell counts, increasing the risk of infection. Patients should practice frequent handwashing, avoid crowded places, and stay away from sick individuals. Changes in appetite and taste, like a metallic taste, are also common, making food less appealing. Eating by the clock rather than waiting for hunger, and choosing protein- and calorie-dense foods, can help maintain nutrition.
Preparing for Treatment and Building a Support System
Preparing for chemotherapy involves both practical and emotional steps. Initial consultations with the oncologist are important for understanding the specific treatment plan, potential side effects, and any necessary preparatory treatments. Patients may undergo various tests, including blood tests for kidney and liver function and blood cell counts, and scans to monitor tumor response. Lifestyle adjustments, like a balanced diet, hydration, and light exercise, can help the body prepare and cope with treatment.
A support system is beneficial during chemotherapy. This network includes family, friends, and professional healthcare providers.
Professional Support
Oncologists specialize in cancer treatment and coordinate care.
Oncology nurses provide direct care, administer treatments, and offer information on side effects.
Oncology social workers provide emotional support, counseling, and help with practical matters like financial assistance or transportation.
Patient navigators guide individuals through the healthcare system, assisting with appointments and resources.
Support groups, whether in-person or online, offer a space for patients to connect with others, fostering community and reducing isolation. Open communication with the medical team allows patients to voice concerns and receive tailored advice throughout their treatment.