Cervical inflammation, or cervicitis, is the swelling or irritation of the cervix. The cervix is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is common and can affect women. It involves the cells lining the endocervix, the canal within the cervix.
Causes of Cervical Inflammation
Cervical inflammation can arise from either infectious agents or non-infectious factors. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are frequent infectious causes, with chlamydia and gonorrhea being among the most common culprits. Other infectious agents include Trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and Mycoplasma genitalium. Bacterial vaginosis can also lead to cervical inflammation.
Non-infectious causes of cervical inflammation include allergic reactions to certain products. These can involve chemicals found in spermicides, douches, or even the latex material in condoms. Physical irritation or injury from medical devices inserted into the pelvic area can also trigger inflammation. Examples include intrauterine devices (IUDs), diaphragms, or even tampons. Less commonly, direct injury or exposure to certain chemicals can also contribute to the development of cervicitis.
Recognizing the Symptoms
Many individuals with cervical inflammation experience no noticeable symptoms, meaning the condition can go undetected without a medical examination. When symptoms do manifest, they often include an unusual vaginal discharge, which may appear grayish, white, or yellow and can sometimes have an odor. Discomfort during sexual intercourse is another potential sign. Some may also experience abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as spotting between menstrual periods or bleeding after sex. A feeling of pressure or heaviness in the pelvis or lower abdomen may also be present.
The Diagnostic Process
Diagnosing cervical inflammation begins with a pelvic examination. During this examination, the doctor visually inspects the cervix for signs of inflammation, such as redness, swelling, or abnormal discharge. The cervix may also ooze mucus or pus, or bleed easily when gently touched.
A sample of cervical cells or discharge is then collected using a cotton swab. These samples are sent to a laboratory for testing to identify the underlying cause of the inflammation. Lab tests commonly screen for sexually transmitted infections like chlamydia and gonorrhea, as well as other potential infections such as Trichomonas vaginalis. This helps determine the specific pathogen or factor responsible for the cervicitis, guiding treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Treatment for cervical inflammation directly addresses the identified cause. If the inflammation results from a bacterial infection, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, antibiotics are prescribed. Sexual partners are also recommended to receive treatment to prevent reinfection.
For cases caused by viral infections, like herpes simplex virus, antiviral medications may be used to manage the symptoms and reduce the frequency of outbreaks. When non-infectious factors are the cause, treatment involves identifying and removing the irritant. This could mean discontinuing the use of a specific spermicide or douche, or adjusting or removing a medical device like an IUD that may be causing irritation.
Associated Health Risks
Untreated cervical inflammation can lead to serious health complications. The primary concern is the infection spreading beyond the cervix. If the inflammation ascends, it can affect the lining of the uterus and extend to the fallopian tubes and ovaries, a condition known as Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID).
PID can result in long-term health issues. These complications may include chronic pelvic pain. Untreated PID can also lead to infertility, as inflammation and scarring in the fallopian tubes can obstruct the path for eggs to reach the uterus.