A cat’s teeth are used for eating, hunting, self-defense, and daily grooming. The health of these structures is directly linked to a cat’s quality of life, influencing nutrition and comfort. Understanding the anatomy, development, and common problems of feline teeth helps an owner provide the care needed to maintain their pet’s health.
Feline Dental Anatomy
An adult cat has 30 permanent teeth, each designed for a specific function. At the front of the mouth are twelve small incisors, six on top and six on the bottom, used for grasping prey and grooming. Flanking the incisors are four large, sharp canine teeth, two on top and two on the bottom, designed for puncturing and holding onto prey.
Further back are the premolars and molars. Cats have ten premolars used to shear and cut flesh and bone. The carnassial teeth, the upper fourth premolars and lower first molars, are the largest shearing teeth and work like blades. The four molars at the very back have flatter surfaces for grinding tougher materials.
From Kitten to Cat: Dental Development
Cats are born without visible teeth. The first set, known as deciduous or “baby” teeth, emerges when a kitten is between two and four weeks old. This initial set consists of 26 teeth and does not include molars. The incisors are typically the first to appear, followed by the canines and then the premolars.
The process of these teeth falling out begins around three to four months of age, making way for the 30 permanent adult teeth. The eruption of permanent teeth usually starts around four months and is complete by the time the cat is six to seven months old.
Common Feline Dental Issues
Studies show that 50 to 90% of cats over four years old experience some form of dental disease. One of the most common conditions is gingivitis, an inflammation of the gums caused by plaque accumulation. If unaddressed, plaque hardens into tartar, leading to red, swollen, and painful gums.
Gingivitis can progress into periodontitis, a more severe condition affecting the tissues that support the teeth. This can cause gums to recede, expose tooth roots, and lead to tooth loss. Another frequent issue is tooth resorption, a painful process where the tooth structure breaks down. Signs of dental problems include bad breath, drooling, difficulty eating, or pawing at the mouth.
Maintaining Your Cat’s Dental Health
Preventing dental disease requires both at-home care and professional veterinary attention. The most effective home care is daily tooth brushing with a feline-safe toothpaste. Introduce this practice gradually, first letting the cat get used to having its mouth handled. A finger brush or soft gauze can help ease a cat into the routine.
Other measures can supplement brushing, like dental diets and treats that reduce plaque through their abrasive texture. Water additives and oral rinses may also offer benefits. Regular professional dental cleanings under anesthesia are also necessary. A veterinarian can then thoroughly clean the teeth, take X-rays, and address problems before they become severe.