Experiencing abdominal discomfort or “stomach pain” is a common part of pregnancy. While often a harmless symptom of the body adapting, it can cause concern. This article explores the common causes of abdominal pain during pregnancy and outlines when to seek professional medical advice.
Common Reasons for Abdominal Discomfort
Abdominal discomfort during pregnancy can stem from various sources, changing as pregnancy progresses. In early stages, the body undergoes transformations to accommodate the developing embryo, often leading to sensations interpreted as stomach pain.
During the first trimester, mild cramping might occur as the fertilized egg implants into the uterine wall. The uterus also begins to grow and stretch, which can cause sensations similar to menstrual cramps or a “stitch” in the side. Hormonal shifts, particularly an increase in progesterone, can slow down the digestive system, leading to increased gas and bloating. Constipation is also a frequent complaint, exacerbated by progesterone’s relaxing effect on bowel muscles and sometimes by iron supplements in prenatal vitamins.
As pregnancy advances into the second and third trimesters, additional causes of abdominal pain may emerge. Round ligament pain, typically felt from the second trimester onward, is common. This sharp, sudden pain usually occurs on one or both sides of the lower abdomen or groin, often triggered by sudden movements like standing up, coughing, or sneezing. The round ligaments support the uterus, and as the uterus expands, these ligaments stretch and can spasm, causing discomfort.
Braxton Hicks contractions, sometimes called “practice contractions,” are another source of abdominal tightening, usually appearing in the second or third trimester. These contractions are irregular, generally not painful, and do not increase in intensity or frequency, unlike true labor contractions. They may cause the abdomen to feel firm or hard temporarily. Digestive issues like indigestion and heartburn can also persist or worsen due to the growing uterus pressing on the stomach. Even strong fetal movements can sometimes cause localized discomfort later in pregnancy.
When Abdominal Pain Needs Medical Attention
While many causes of abdominal pain in pregnancy are harmless, certain symptoms warrant immediate medical evaluation. Persistent or severe pain that does not resolve with rest or a change in position requires prompt medical attention. Any abdominal pain accompanied by vaginal bleeding or unusual discharge, especially if heavy or containing clots, also requires prompt medical attention.
Fever or chills alongside abdominal pain can indicate an infection, such as a urinary tract infection (UTI), which can cause pain or burning during urination, frequent urges to urinate, or cloudy/foul-smelling urine. Severe vomiting, particularly if it differs from typical morning sickness and is accompanied by pain, is also a warning sign. Dizziness or fainting, sudden swelling in the face, hands, or feet, or changes in vision like blurred vision or spots, could indicate more serious conditions like preeclampsia. Preeclampsia can cause upper right abdominal pain, often under the ribs.
In early pregnancy, severe, one-sided abdominal pain with bleeding could point to an ectopic pregnancy, where the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus. Miscarriage, which can present with cramping and bleeding, is also a concern in the first half of pregnancy. Later in pregnancy, regular, increasing contractions before 37 weeks, accompanied by a dull low backache, pelvic pressure, or a change in vaginal discharge, may signal preterm labor. A noticeable decrease in fetal movement after 28 weeks warrants immediate medical consultation. Appendicitis, though less common, can also occur during pregnancy and typically presents with severe pain in the lower right side of the abdomen, often with nausea, vomiting, or fever.
Managing Mild Abdominal Discomfort
For mild abdominal discomforts during pregnancy, several self-care strategies can provide relief. Maintaining adequate hydration helps prevent constipation and dehydration-related discomforts like Braxton Hicks contractions. Aim for around 10 glasses of water daily.
Dietary adjustments can also alleviate digestive issues. Increasing fiber intake through fruits, vegetables, whole grains, beans, and lentils can help manage constipation. Eating smaller, more frequent meals can reduce indigestion and heartburn by preventing the stomach from becoming overly full. Avoiding trigger foods that cause gas or acidity can also be helpful.
Gentle physical activity, such as walking or prenatal yoga, can promote healthy digestion and reduce bloating. Regular movement also helps to keep bowel movements regular. Resting in a comfortable position, such as lying on your side with a pillow between your knees, can relieve pressure and reduce round ligament pain. A warm bath can provide soothing relief for generalized aches and muscle tension, but it is advisable to confirm with a healthcare provider beforehand. Always consult a doctor before taking any over-the-counter medications for pain relief during pregnancy.