The soft tissues surrounding our teeth, known as gums, play an important role in maintaining oral health by protecting the underlying bone and tooth roots. These tissues form a seal around the teeth, acting as a barrier against bacteria. When gum tissue recedes, it exposes more of the tooth surface, including the root. Once gum tissue is lost due to recession, it does not naturally regenerate or “grow back” on its own. While natural regrowth is not possible, strategies and treatments can help manage existing recession and prevent further progression.
Understanding Gum Tissue and Natural Limits
Gum tissue is composed of an outer layer and an inner network of connective tissue. The outer layer is keratinized, providing a protective barrier. This tissue is firmly attached to the teeth and the underlying jawbone, providing stability and protection. Unlike some other tissues in the body, gum tissue does not possess the inherent ability for true regeneration once it has receded.
The distinction between tissue repair and regeneration is important in understanding this limitation. Repair involves replacing damaged tissue with scar tissue, which may restore some function and continuity but does not fully replicate the original tissue structure. In contrast, true regeneration means the complete restoration of lost tissue with its original architecture and function. While the body can repair minor wounds in the mouth, it lacks the specific biological pathways or stem cell mechanisms required to rebuild lost gum tissue volume or re-establish new attachments once the gum line has significantly pulled away from the tooth.
Common Factors Leading to Gum Recession
Several factors contribute to gum recession. Periodontal disease, a bacterial infection, is a primary cause. It leads to inflammation and can destroy gum tissue and supporting bone. Untreated, this progressive destruction results in recession.
Aggressive tooth brushing is another common cause. Brushing too hard or using a hard-bristled toothbrush can physically wear away gum tissue. Genetics can also play a role, as some individuals are predisposed due to naturally thin gum tissue or bone structure. Misaligned teeth or an uneven bite can place excessive force on certain areas of the gums, contributing to recession.
Chronic teeth grinding or clenching, known as bruxism, exerts undue pressure on the teeth and surrounding gums, which can lead to gum recession. Poor oral hygiene, characterized by inadequate brushing and flossing, allows plaque and tartar to build up. This irritates gums and contributes to gum disease and recession. Smoking and other tobacco use negatively impact gum health and blood flow, increasing recession risk. Oral piercings, particularly lip or tongue piercings, can irritate gum tissue through constant rubbing, causing it to wear away.
Consequences of Gum Recession
Gum recession leads to several issues affecting oral comfort and health. A common consequence is increased tooth sensitivity. When gums recede, they expose tooth roots, which lack the protective enamel layer. This makes teeth more sensitive to hot, cold, sweet, or acidic foods and drinks, and to touch.
Exposed tooth roots are also more susceptible to decay. The cementum covering the root surface is softer than enamel and more vulnerable to cavities, increasing the risk of rapid root decay if not addressed. Beyond functional concerns, gum recession can lead to aesthetic issues. Teeth may appear longer, and gaps can form between teeth, altering the smile’s appearance.
In more severe cases, gum recession compromises the tooth’s support structure. This can lead to tooth loosening and, eventually, tooth loss if supporting bone and tissue are diminished. Exposed roots can also make proper brushing and flossing more challenging, as it becomes harder to clean effectively around the irregular gum line. Bacterial accumulation in these exposed areas can contribute to halitosis, or bad breath.
Strategies for Managing and Preventing Gum Recession
While natural gum regrowth is not possible, professional treatments can manage existing recession and improve gum health.
Management of Existing Recession
Deep cleaning, known as scaling and root planing, is often the first step. This procedure removes plaque and tartar from below the gum line, halting gum disease progression and allowing gum tissue to reattach.
For significant recession, gum grafting procedures can cover exposed roots and increase gum thickness. Tissue is typically taken from another area of the patient’s mouth or a donor source and attached to the receded area. Different graft types, including connective tissue, free gingival, and pedicle grafts, are chosen based on patient needs. Dental bonding or composite fillings can also be applied to exposed root surfaces to reduce sensitivity and improve appearance. In some instances, orthodontics may be recommended to align teeth, which can improve gum health or prepare the area for grafting.
Preventing Further Recession
Preventing further gum recession involves consistent daily habits and professional care. Maintaining proper oral hygiene is important, including gentle brushing with a soft-bristled toothbrush and daily flossing. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are important for early detection and prevention of periodontal disease. Addressing teeth grinding or clenching, often with a nightguard, can reduce excessive force on gums. Quitting tobacco use is also important, as it benefits overall gum health. Consulting an orthodontist to correct misaligned bites can alleviate uneven pressure on gum tissues. Avoiding oral piercings or addressing existing irritating ones can also prevent localized gum recession.