Gum recession, a common dental issue, involves the pulling back of gum tissue from the teeth. This exposes more of the tooth’s surface, including the root. Many individuals wonder if this process can be reversed or “undone,” a concern that dental professionals address through various procedures and preventive measures. Understanding the nature of gum recession is an important first step in managing this condition.
What is Gum Recession
Gum recession describes the process where gum tissue wears away or pulls back from the teeth, exposing more of the tooth, including the root. Common signs include increased tooth sensitivity, especially to hot or cold temperatures, and a visible change in the gum line.
The gums, along with the underlying bone, provide support and protection for the teeth. When gum tissue recedes, the softer root surface becomes exposed. This area lacks the protective enamel of the crown, making it more vulnerable to decay and sensitivity.
Why Gum Recession Occurs
Several factors contribute to gum recession, ranging from daily habits to underlying health conditions. Aggressive tooth brushing, using too much force or a hard-bristled toothbrush, can wear down enamel and gum tissue over time.
Periodontal disease, or gum disease, is a major cause of gum recession. These bacterial infections destroy gum tissue and supporting bone. Plaque and tartar buildup contribute to inflammation, causing gums to pull away from the teeth. Genetic predisposition also plays a role, making some individuals more susceptible.
Other factors include teeth grinding or clenching (bruxism), which places excessive force on teeth. Misaligned teeth or a crooked bite can also cause uneven pressure, contributing to gum tissue wear. Smoking and chewing tobacco increase the risk of gum recession due to plaque buildup and effects on gum health. Hormonal changes, such as those during puberty, pregnancy, or menopause, can also make gums more vulnerable.
Restoring Receded Gums
While gum tissue does not naturally grow back once it has receded, various dental procedures can effectively restore the gum line and cover exposed roots. Treatment options depend on the severity and cause of the recession. The goal is to protect against further damage, reduce sensitivity, and improve the appearance of the smile.
Non-surgical approaches are considered for less severe cases. Deep cleaning procedures, known as scaling and root planing, remove plaque and tartar buildup from above and below the gum line. This addresses gum disease, allowing gums to heal. For tooth sensitivity from exposed roots, desensitizing agents like specialized toothpastes or in-office fluoride treatments can help by blocking nerve endings or strengthening enamel. Dental bonding, using tooth-colored composite resin, can also camouflage exposed root surfaces, reducing sensitivity.
Surgical interventions, primarily gum grafting, are performed to replace lost gum tissue. A periodontist, a gum specialist, performs these procedures. Gum grafting involves taking tissue from one area of the mouth and attaching it to the site of recession. This covers exposed root surfaces, reduces sensitivity, and protects against decay and bone loss.
There are several types of gum grafts:
- A connective tissue graft, the most common type, involves taking tissue from beneath a flap on the roof of the mouth and stitching it over the exposed roots.
- A free gingival graft also uses tissue from the roof of the mouth, taking a small layer directly from the surface. This method is often chosen to increase the thickness of naturally thin gum tissue.
- A pedicle graft, or lateral graft, utilizes existing gum tissue adjacent to the receded area. A flap of gum tissue is partially cut and stretched over the exposed root, maintaining its blood supply for potentially quicker healing.
Recovery from gum graft surgery typically involves initial healing within one to two weeks, with full integration taking several months. Patients may experience swelling, tenderness, and some bleeding, which can be managed with prescribed medications and soft food diets.
Preventing Gum Recession
Preventing gum recession involves consistent oral hygiene practices and addressing contributing factors. Use a soft-bristled toothbrush and brush gently in a circular motion at a 45-degree angle to the gum line to clean effectively without causing abrasion.
Maintaining good oral hygiene habits, including daily flossing and using an antimicrobial mouthwash, reduces plaque and tartar buildup, lowering gum disease risk. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are also important for early detection and removal of hardened plaque.
Addressing teeth grinding or clenching, often with a nightguard, protects teeth and gums from excessive force. Quitting smoking is important, as tobacco use impacts gum health. Correcting misaligned teeth or a crooked bite through orthodontic treatment helps distribute biting forces more evenly, reducing stress on gum tissues.