It is indeed possible for your eyes to get sunburned. This temporary but painful condition is medically known as photokeratitis. It results from exposure to harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, similar to how skin can get sunburned.
Understanding Photokeratitis
Photokeratitis is essentially a sunburn affecting the clear front surface of the eye, called the cornea, and the conjunctiva, which is the membrane lining the inside of the eyelids and covering the white part of the eye. This damage occurs when the eyes are overexposed to UV rays. Common sources of this harmful radiation include direct sunlight, especially when reflected off surfaces like snow, water, ice, or sand. Artificial sources, such as tanning beds and welding arcs, often referred to as “welder’s flash,” can also cause photokeratitis.
Recognizing the Symptoms
Symptoms of photokeratitis often develop several hours after UV exposure. Individuals may experience pain, ranging from mild irritation to severe discomfort, along with a gritty or foreign body sensation in the eyes. Other common signs include heightened sensitivity to light, excessive tearing, and blurry vision. The eyes may also appear red, and the eyelids can become swollen.
Treatment and Recovery
Managing photokeratitis involves alleviating symptoms as the eyes heal naturally. Staying indoors, preferably in a darkened room, and resting the eyes is advisable. Cool compresses can reduce discomfort and swelling, while artificial tears ease the gritty sensation. Over-the-counter pain relievers, like ibuprofen, can also help manage pain. Avoid rubbing eyes or wearing contact lenses until the condition resolves, typically within 24 to 48 hours.
Prevention is Key
Protecting your eyes from UV radiation is the most effective way to prevent photokeratitis. Wearing appropriate eye protection is important, especially when outdoors. Sunglasses should block 99-100% of both UVA and UVB rays, indicated by “UV400” or “100% UV protection” labels. Wrap-around styles or goggles offer superior protection, shielding eyes from all angles, especially in highly reflective environments like snow or water. UV rays can penetrate cloud cover even on cloudy days, posing a risk.
For activities like welding, specialized protective eyewear such as welding helmets is necessary to prevent severe eye damage. A wide-brimmed hat can provide additional shade and reduce direct UV exposure.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While photokeratitis often resolves on its own, consult an eye doctor if symptoms are severe, do not improve within 48 hours, or if vision changes persist. Seek medical help if there is significant pain, discharge, or suspected infection. Untreated or recurrent severe cases can lead to complications like corneal abrasions or infections, highlighting the importance of proper care and timely medical evaluation.