Adenoids are lymphoid tissues, similar to tonsils, that play a role in the immune system. They function by trapping germs, such as bacteria and viruses, that enter the body through the nose and mouth. This protective action helps the body fight off infections, especially in babies and young children. Adenoids produce immune substances, like antibodies, contributing to the body’s immunological memory. They typically grow to their maximum size between ages 3 and 5 and then begin to shrink, often disappearing by adulthood.
Where Adenoids Are Located
The adenoids are located in a concealed area of the upper respiratory tract, high up in the nasopharynx. This is the uppermost part of the throat, situated directly behind the nasal cavity and above the soft palate. Unlike the visible palatine tonsils, their position means they are out of direct line of sight, even when a person opens their mouth wide. They are tucked away where the nasal passages connect with the throat, on the posterior wall and roof of the nasopharynx, just above the uvula. This physical barrier prevents any visual assessment without specialized medical instruments.
Recognizing Enlarged Adenoids
Since adenoids are not visible through the mouth, their enlargement is identified by noticeable symptoms. Chronic mouth breathing, especially at night, is a common indicator, as blocked nasal passages force air through the mouth. This can cause dry mouth, cracked lips, and bad breath. Persistent nasal congestion and a constant runny nose are also frequently observed due to obstructed nasal airflow.
Enlarged adenoids can disrupt sleep, causing loud snoring and restless sleep. They may also contribute to obstructive sleep apnea, characterized by repeated breathing pauses during sleep. Individuals might develop a muffled or “pinched” voice, known as hyponasal speech. Their proximity to the Eustachian tubes can lead to frequent ear infections and a sensation of ear fullness.
How Adenoids Are Diagnosed
Since adenoids are not visible through a standard oral examination, healthcare professionals use several methods to diagnose their enlargement. Diagnosis begins with a thorough medical history, inquiring about symptoms like breathing difficulties, snoring, and recurrent infections. A physical examination may involve checking the ears, throat, and feeling the neck for swollen glands, but this alone cannot visualize the adenoids.
Specialized diagnostic tests are employed to confirm a diagnosis and assess the adenoids directly. One common method is nasopharyngoscopy, which involves inserting a thin, flexible tube with a camera through the nose. This provides a clear, real-time image, allowing evaluation of the adenoids’ size and condition. The procedure is quick, often performed in an outpatient setting after administering a nasal decongestant and anesthetic spray.
Another diagnostic tool is an X-ray of the nasopharynx, particularly a lateral view of the neck. This imaging helps assess adenoid size and airway obstruction. While X-rays are reliable and non-invasive, nasopharyngoscopy offers direct visualization without radiation exposure. If sleep apnea is suspected, a sleep study might also be recommended to assess breathing disruptions during sleep.