It is possible for an individual to experience multiple episodes of strep throat. This recurring nature of the infection stems from the ability of the responsible bacteria to present in various forms.
The bacterium responsible, Streptococcus pyogenes, commonly known as Group A Streptococcus, possesses a diverse genetic makeup. An infection with one specific type of this bacterium does not confer lasting protection against all others. Consequently, exposure to a different strain can lead to a new infection, even after previous recovery.
Why Strep Throat Can Return
Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterium causing strep throat, is highly diverse, with numerous distinct strains. These strains are primarily classified by their M protein, a virulence factor on the bacterial surface, leading to over 100 recognized M-types. When a person contracts strep throat, their immune system develops antibodies tailored to combat that particular M-type.
This immune response provides protection against future infections by the same strain. However, antibodies developed for one M-type do not offer immunity against other M-types. Therefore, an individual remains susceptible to infection from other numerous strains.
Recognizing Symptoms of Strep Throat
Recognizing the symptoms of strep throat is important for seeking timely medical attention. The onset of symptoms is often sudden and can include a sore throat that may feel scratchy or painful, especially when swallowing. A fever is commonly present, ranging from mild to high, above 100.4°F (38°C). The tonsils may appear red and swollen, with white patches or streaks of pus visible on their surface.
Small, red spots (petechiae) can sometimes be observed on the palate. Other symptoms include headache, stomach ache, nausea, or vomiting, particularly in younger individuals. Unlike a common cold, strep throat does not present with a cough, runny nose, or hoarseness, which helps differentiate it from viral infections.
Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
Seeking medical attention is advisable if strep throat is suspected to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment. A healthcare provider will perform a physical examination and may conduct a rapid strep test. This test involves swabbing the back of the throat to detect Streptococcus pyogenes antigens, providing results within minutes. If the rapid test is negative but strep throat is still suspected, especially in children, a throat culture may be performed. This involves sending the swab to a lab for bacterial growth and identification, with results usually available within 24 to 48 hours.
Once diagnosed, strep throat is treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin or amoxicillin. It is important to complete the entire course of antibiotics, typically 10 days, even if symptoms improve or disappear within a few days. Stopping treatment prematurely can lead to a recurrence of the infection and increases the risk of serious complications. Untreated or inadequately treated strep throat can lead to severe health issues, including rheumatic fever, which can cause permanent heart damage, or post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, a kidney inflammation.
Reducing the Risk of Reinfection
Implementing good hygiene practices can help reduce the likelihood of contracting strep throat again. Frequent hand washing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is effective, especially after coughing, sneezing, or before eating. Avoiding the sharing of eating utensils, cups, and food items with others can also prevent the spread of bacteria.
Individuals should cover their mouths and noses when coughing or sneezing, preferably into a tissue or their elbow, to contain respiratory droplets. Replace toothbrushes after a strep throat infection to prevent reinfection from lingering bacteria. Maintaining distance from actively infected individuals can further minimize exposure.