Paragard is a T-shaped intrauterine device (IUD) made of plastic wrapped with copper wire. This device functions as a long-acting reversible contraceptive, preventing pregnancy for up to 10 years once a healthcare provider inserts it into the uterus. Unlike other IUDs, Paragard is hormone-free, making it an option for individuals who prefer or require non-hormonal birth control. Its primary function is to prevent sperm from fertilizing an egg.
Paragard’s Effectiveness
While Paragard is a highly effective birth control method, it is possible to become pregnant while using it, though this is rare. The device boasts an effectiveness rate of over 99% in preventing pregnancy. Approximately 0.6% to 0.8% of individuals using Paragard may experience pregnancy in the first year of typical use. The copper released by the IUD creates an inflammatory reaction within the uterus, which is toxic to sperm and eggs, thereby preventing fertilization.
Understanding Rare Contraceptive Failures
Pregnancy can occur with Paragard primarily due to specific, rare circumstances that compromise its contraceptive action. One such scenario is IUD expulsion, where the device partially or completely falls out of the uterus. This can happen in about 2% to 3% of users, sometimes without the individual noticing.
Another mechanism of failure involves IUD displacement, where the device shifts from its correct position within the uterus. A dislodged IUD may not adequately prevent sperm from reaching an egg. Regular self-checks of the IUD strings can sometimes help identify if it has moved. In very rare instances, the uterine wall can be punctured during the IUD insertion process, known as perforation. If undetected, a perforated IUD may not provide full pregnancy protection.
Identifying Potential Pregnancy Symptoms
If pregnancy occurs while using Paragard, individuals may experience signs similar to those in pregnancies without contraception. A missed period is often one of the first indicators, although some people may have lighter or irregular bleeding. Other common symptoms include nausea, increased breast tenderness or swelling. Fatigue and increased urination are also common early pregnancy symptoms.
Mild cramping and light spotting can occur, but these can also be typical side effects of the Paragard IUD itself, making self-diagnosis difficult. Unlike hormonal IUDs, Paragard does not suppress ovulation or menstrual cycles, so a missed period is a more reliable sign. Sharp or persistent pelvic pain, especially localized to one side, warrants immediate medical attention. This type of pain could potentially indicate an ectopic pregnancy, where the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus.
Steps to Take if Pregnancy is Suspected
If you suspect you might be pregnant while using Paragard, taking an at-home pregnancy test is a prudent first step. Contact a healthcare provider immediately for further evaluation and confirmation, regardless of the test result. Early medical consultation is important due to potential risks associated with IUD use during pregnancy.
One significant concern is the increased risk of ectopic pregnancy, where the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus. Ectopic pregnancies require urgent medical intervention. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy with Paragard is approximately 0.06%.
If an intrauterine pregnancy is confirmed, there are elevated risks of complications such as miscarriage, infection, and preterm delivery. Your healthcare provider will assess the situation and discuss whether the IUD can be safely removed. Removing the IUD can reduce some pregnancy risks, but it also carries a chance of inducing a miscarriage.