A “rotten tooth” describes a tooth severely affected by decay (dental caries or a cavity). This condition, where bacteria produce acids eroding the tooth’s surface, can often be treated. The specific method depends on decay progression.
Understanding Tooth Decay Progression
Tooth decay begins when plaque, a sticky bacterial film, forms on teeth. Bacteria consume sugars and starches, producing acids that attack enamel. Initially, this causes demineralization, appearing as small white, chalky spots. Untreated, decay breaks down enamel, forming holes or cavities, which may appear as brownish spots.
As decay progresses, it reaches the dentin, the softer layer beneath enamel. Dentin is more susceptible to acid damage, allowing rapid advancement and increased sensitivity. Untreated decay can eventually reach the pulp, the innermost part containing nerves and blood vessels. This advanced stage results in severe pain and may lead to infection, forming an abscess at the tooth’s root tip.
Treatment Approaches for Decayed Teeth
Treatment for tooth decay varies significantly based on its stage. In the earliest stages, when only demineralization is present and a cavity has not yet formed, fluoride treatments can help. Fluoride strengthens tooth enamel and aids in remineralization, effectively reversing early decay. These treatments can be applied professionally or through fluoride toothpaste and mouthwash.
Once a cavity has formed in the enamel or progressed into the dentin, a dental filling is typically necessary. During this procedure, the dentist removes the decayed portion of the tooth and then fills the resulting hole to restore the tooth’s shape and function. Common filling materials include composite resin, which is tooth-colored and can blend seamlessly with natural teeth, and silver amalgam, which is durable and often used for back teeth. Glass ionomer and ceramic fillings are also options, each with specific properties regarding durability and aesthetics.
If decay reaches the pulp, causing infection or significant damage, root canal therapy is often performed to save the tooth. This procedure involves removing the infected pulp, cleaning and shaping the inside of the root canals, and then filling and sealing them. After a root canal, a dental crown is usually placed to protect the weakened tooth and restore its strength and appearance.
When a Tooth Cannot Be Preserved
Not every decayed tooth can be saved, particularly if the decay is too extensive or if the tooth has sustained severe structural damage. If the infection has spread beyond the tooth’s confines into the surrounding bone, or if the tooth is too compromised to be restored with a filling or crown, extraction becomes the primary solution. This involves removing the unsalvageable tooth to prevent further infection and pain.
After a tooth extraction, replacing the missing tooth is often recommended to maintain oral health and function. Dental implants are a common choice, involving a titanium post placed into the jawbone to act as an artificial tooth root, followed by a crown. Another option is a dental bridge, consisting of artificial teeth held in place by crowns on adjacent natural teeth. Removable partial dentures can also replace multiple missing teeth, using a gum-colored plate with artificial teeth attached to existing teeth. Replacing extracted teeth helps prevent adjacent teeth from shifting and can preserve jawbone density.
Strategies for Preventing Tooth Decay
Preventing tooth decay involves a consistent oral hygiene routine and mindful dietary choices. Brushing teeth thoroughly at least twice a day with a fluoride-containing toothpaste is fundamental. Cleaning all tooth surfaces for about two minutes helps remove plaque and reduce bacteria. Daily flossing is also important to remove food particles and plaque from between teeth and along the gumline, areas a toothbrush cannot easily reach.
Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings, typically every six months, allow dentists to detect and address issues early, often before they become painful or require extensive treatment. Diet plays a significant role, as sugary and starchy foods fuel the bacteria that produce decay-causing acids. Limiting frequent snacking and choosing tooth-friendly foods like crunchy fruits and vegetables, dairy products, and water can help stimulate saliva flow, which naturally cleanses the mouth and neutralizes acids. Fluoride continually helps strengthen enamel and makes teeth more resistant to acid attacks.