Naproxen is a widely used medication available over-the-counter and by prescription, helping manage various types of discomfort. This article examines its potential for misuse and the health risks associated with excessive use.
Understanding Naproxen
Naproxen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to alleviate pain, reduce fever, and decrease inflammation. It works by inhibiting specific enzymes (cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2) involved in the body’s production of prostaglandins, which contribute to pain, fever, and inflammation. Naproxen treats conditions such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, gout, headaches, and muscle aches. While effective, its mechanism can lead to side effects, particularly with prolonged or excessive use.
Misuse and Abuse
Misuse of naproxen refers to taking the medication contrary to healthcare provider instructions or product labels. This includes taking higher doses, more frequent use, or for a longer duration than advised. For example, exceeding the typical over-the-counter maximum of 660 mg per day, or prescription limits up to 1500 mg per day, constitutes misuse.
Naproxen is not typically considered a drug of abuse like opioids or controlled substances. It does not produce euphoric or psychoactive effects, meaning it does not create a “high,” so recreational abuse is rare. However, dependence can develop from chronic use, often due to an ongoing need for pain relief rather than a chemical addiction.
Risks of Excessive Use
Taking excessive amounts of naproxen can lead to significant health complications. A primary concern is gastrointestinal issues, including stomach pain, heartburn, nausea, indigestion, ulcers, bleeding, or even perforation of the stomach or intestines. This risk is higher with prolonged use, higher doses, in older individuals, or those with a history of stomach ulcers.
Excessive naproxen use can also affect kidney function. Inhibiting prostaglandins, which maintain kidney blood flow, can lead to reduced kidney function or acute kidney injury. Symptoms of kidney problems may include decreased urine output, swelling, and increased blood pressure. This risk is particularly elevated in older adults and individuals with pre-existing kidney conditions.
Cardiovascular risks are another risk with excessive naproxen use. NSAIDs, including naproxen, can increase the risk of serious cardiovascular events such as heart attack or stroke. While some studies suggest naproxen might have a lower cardiovascular risk compared to other NSAIDs due to its antiplatelet effects, prolonged use or high doses can still pose a threat. The medication can also cause or worsen high blood pressure and, in rare cases, contribute to heart failure. Additionally, liver problems, though less common, can occur with excessive use.
Safe Use and Seeking Help
To ensure safe use of naproxen, follow the dosage instructions provided by a healthcare professional or on the product label. For over-the-counter naproxen, the typical recommendation is 220 mg every 8 to 12 hours, not exceeding 660 mg in 24 hours. Prescription strengths vary, generally ranging from 250 mg to 550 mg twice daily, with a usual maximum of 1100 mg per day. Always use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration necessary to manage symptoms.
If symptoms persist or worsen, or if there is a need to take naproxen more often or at higher doses than recommended, a healthcare professional should be consulted. Signs that might suggest misuse include experiencing side effects but continuing to take the medication, or feeling unable to manage pain without it. Consulting a doctor or pharmacist is important before combining naproxen with other medications, particularly blood thinners, other NSAIDs, or certain blood pressure medications, as interactions can increase risks. If concerns about naproxen use arise, seeking medical advice can help identify safer pain management strategies and prevent potential health complications.