The term “steroids” encompasses a diverse group of compounds with varied effects and medical applications. For women, understanding the distinctions between different types of steroids and their appropriate uses, as well as the significant risks associated with misuse, is important. This article clarifies these differences and highlights the impacts relevant to women’s health.
Understanding Different Steroid Types
Steroids encompass two distinct categories: corticosteroids and anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). These two types differ significantly in their chemical structure, function, and medical applications.
Corticosteroids are synthetic medications designed to mimic hormones naturally produced by the adrenal glands, such as cortisol. They are primarily used for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, making them valuable in treating various medical conditions. These steroids are catabolic, meaning they can break down tissues, and are not associated with muscle building effects.
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone. The term “anabolic” refers to their ability to promote muscle growth and tissue building, while “androgenic” refers to their role in developing male characteristics. AAS differ from corticosteroids and are frequently misused for performance and appearance enhancement.
Medical Applications for Women
Steroids have legitimate medical uses for women. Corticosteroids are widely used to manage a range of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. For instance, they are prescribed for conditions such as asthma, severe allergies, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis, reducing inflammation and suppressing overactive immune responses.
Anabolic steroids, while primarily associated with male hormones, have very limited and specific medical applications for women. In rare instances, they may be prescribed for conditions such as severe anemia, muscle wasting due to chronic illness like AIDS, or certain types of breast cancer. This use is controlled, involves low doses, and is monitored to minimize androgenic side effects. For example, nandrolone, an anabolic steroid, has been used to treat anemia associated with chronic kidney failure and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, as well as certain breast cancers.
Anabolic Steroid Use Among Women
Non-medical use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) has seen a concerning rise among women, particularly within fitness, bodybuilding, and athletic communities. The overall pooled lifetime prevalence of AAS use among women is estimated to be around 4% in the general population, but this figure rises substantially among female bodybuilders to nearly 17% and among athletes/recreational gym users to 4.4%. This trend is often fueled by a desire for increased muscle mass, reduced body fat, and improved athletic performance, as well as aesthetic goals driven by social media. Women may seek AAS to achieve a more toned physique, enhance strength, and accelerate recovery from intense training.
Common AAS used by women include oxandrolone and stanozolol, often chosen for their perceived lower risk of masculinizing effects compared to other steroids. Acquiring AAS without a prescription is illegal in many regions, and unregulated sources pose additional risks due to unknown purity and dosage. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) prohibits the use of AAS in sports, reflecting their performance-enhancing nature and health implications.
Unique Health Considerations for Women
Misuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) by women carries often irreversible health consequences, largely due to their androgenic properties. A primary concern is virilization, the development of male characteristics. This manifests as voice deepening and clitoral enlargement, both often permanent. Increased facial and body hair growth (hirsutism) and male-pattern baldness are also common androgenic effects.
AAS use disrupts the female reproductive system, leading to menstrual irregularities, including amenorrhea. This hormonal imbalance can impair ovulation and result in fertility issues, with some effects potentially becoming long-term even after discontinuing use. Psychological impacts include mood swings, increased aggression (“roid rage”), depression, and anxiety. Some women may experience body dysmorphia or develop atypical eating behaviors.
Beyond these gender-related effects, women using AAS are susceptible to other serious health risks. These include liver damage (especially with oral forms) and potential liver tumors. Cardiovascular issues, such as changes in cholesterol levels and increased blood pressure, are also concerns. AAS use can also weaken tendons, increasing the risk of tendon rupture, and may suppress the immune system, potentially increasing susceptibility to infections.