The Tree’s Potent Chemistry
The Manchineel tree’s formidable reputation stems from a complex array of toxins distributed throughout its structure. A primary irritant compound, phorbol myristate, is abundant in the tree’s milky white sap. This sap, which can ooze from the bark, leaves, and fruit, is highly potent.
Beyond phorbols, the Manchineel contains other toxic compounds like hippomanins and mancinellin, along with furocoumarins and sapogenines. These substances collectively contribute to the severe reactions observed upon contact or ingestion.
The toxins can be released in various ways, making encounters with the tree dangerous even without direct physical contact. Sap can drip from branches, especially during rain, causing skin irritation for anyone seeking shelter underneath. Smoke from burning Manchineel wood also carries these irritants, posing a risk to the eyes and respiratory system.
Symptoms of Exposure
Exposure to the Manchineel tree can manifest in a range of painful symptoms, varying based on the mode of contact. Skin exposure to the tree’s sap typically results in severe irritant contact dermatitis. This reaction includes intense burning sensations, inflammation, and the formation of painful blisters resembling chemical burns.
If the milky sap enters the eyes, it can cause immediate and severe effects. Individuals may experience painful conjunctivitis, swelling, and temporary blindness, which can last for up to 72 hours. Ocular injuries can also occur from smoke if the tree is burned nearby, leading to irritation and corneal damage.
Ingesting the Manchineel fruit, which can appear deceptively similar to a small apple, initially offers a sweet taste that quickly gives way to a “strange peppery feeling” and a burning, tearing sensation in the mouth and throat. Severe gastrointestinal issues follow, including abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. While rarely fatal, ingestion can lead to internal bleeding, esophageal damage, and difficulty swallowing due to extreme pain and swelling in the throat.
Inhaling smoke from burning Manchineel wood can irritate the respiratory tract. Symptoms may include coughing, throat irritation, and breathing difficulties.
Safety and Response
Identifying the Manchineel tree is an important first step in avoiding exposure, as it commonly grows in coastal areas and mangroves across Florida, the Caribbean, and parts of Central and South America. Local authorities often mark these trees with red bands or warning signs to alert people to their dangers. It is advisable to avoid seeking shelter under the tree during rainfall, as sap can drip with the water and cause severe skin blistering.
In the event of skin contact with the sap, immediate and thorough rinsing of the affected area with water is recommended. Applying cold compresses, calamine lotion, or hydrocortisone cream can help alleviate the burning and discomfort. If sap gets into the eyes, they should be washed out well with water, and rubbing should be avoided to prevent further irritation.
For any significant exposure, particularly ingestion or severe skin and eye contact, seeking medical attention is important. Medical professionals can provide pain relief and manage symptoms, which might include administering topical antibiotics for eye exposure or addressing gastrointestinal distress, helping to mitigate complications.