Subterranean termites include various castes within their colonies. A specific group of these insects can fly, representing a crucial stage in their life cycle and signifying colony expansion. Understanding which termites fly and why provides important insights for homeowners.
The Flying Termite Castes
Within a subterranean termite colony, only the reproductive caste develops wings and takes flight. These winged termites, known as “alates” or “swarmers,” emerge from mature colonies to establish new ones. Alates are sexually developed males and females, distinct from the worker and soldier termites.
Subterranean termite swarmers have dark bodies, ranging from brownish-black to black, and are about 1/4 to 1/2 inch in length. A distinguishing characteristic is their two pairs of wings, which are equal in size and longer than their body. These wings are often translucent with delicate veins, and they are shed shortly after the alates mate and find a suitable location for a new colony.
Purpose and Timing of Flight
The flight of subterranean termite alates serves a singular purpose: reproduction and the establishment of new colonies. This event, often called “swarming,” is a part of their life cycle. Environmental conditions, such as warm temperatures and recent rainfall, trigger these swarms, creating favorable conditions for new colony survival.
Swarming periods vary by subterranean termite species and geographic location. Many eastern subterranean termites swarm from February through April, while dark southeastern species may swarm from April through June. In some regions, like Florida, peak swarming can occur from January through May. Swarms are generally brief, lasting from 30 minutes to a few hours, as the alates are not strong fliers and often rely on wind currents.
Distinguishing from Flying Ants
Flying termites are frequently mistaken for flying ants. However, distinct physical characteristics allow for accurate identification. A primary difference lies in their wings: flying termites possess two pairs of wings that are equal in size and length. In contrast, flying ants have two pairs of wings where the front pair is noticeably larger than the hind pair.
Another distinguishing feature is their antennae. Termites have straight or slightly curved, beaded antennae. Flying ants, conversely, have distinctly elbowed or bent antennae. Finally, their body shape provides a clear indicator. Termites have a broad waist, giving their body a more uniform appearance. Flying ants, however, exhibit a constricted or “pinched” waist between their thorax and abdomen.
What Flying Termites Indicate
Observing flying subterranean termites, especially indoors, signals the presence of a mature, active colony. This means a termite colony has grown large enough to produce reproductive individuals. While outdoor swarms are natural, finding winged termites or their shed wings inside a building suggests a colony is within or very close to the structure.
The presence of swarmers indoors indicates a potential termite infestation. Termites cause structural damage to wood. Homeowners who notice flying termites should consider a professional inspection to assess any active colony and determine management strategies.