A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection affecting any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Most UTIs involve the lower urinary tract, primarily the bladder and urethra. The menstrual cycle, a natural monthly process, involves hormonal fluctuations and uterine lining shedding. While menstruation itself does not directly cause UTIs, certain physiological changes and practices during a period can increase susceptibility to these infections.
The Relationship Between Menstruation and UTI Risk
Various factors associated with the menstrual cycle can increase a woman’s vulnerability to developing a UTI. Hormonal shifts play a role in this increased susceptibility.
Estrogen levels fluctuate, reaching their lowest point during menstruation. This decrease in estrogen can affect the lining of the urinary tract and the vaginal microbiome. A reduction in estrogen can make these areas more susceptible to bacterial growth, as estrogen has anti-inflammatory properties and helps maintain beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus in the vagina, which regulate vaginal pH. When Lactobacillus cannot thrive, potentially harmful bacteria, such as E. coli, which accounts for up to 90% of UTIs, can proliferate.
Changes in vaginal pH also contribute to this heightened risk during menstruation. The presence of blood and tissue during a period can make the vagina less acidic, shifting its pH to a higher level. This elevated pH creates a more hospitable environment for the growth of pathogenic bacteria that can then travel to the urinary tract.
The use of menstrual products can influence bacterial growth. Pads, tampons, or menstrual cups, if not changed frequently, can create a warm, moist environment near the urethra. This environment is conducive to bacterial multiplication and can facilitate the movement of bacteria towards the urinary tract. Altered hygiene routines during menstruation, such as less frequent showering or improper wiping, can contribute to the transfer of bacteria from the anal area to the urethra.
Minimizing UTI Risk During Your Period
Implementing specific hygiene and lifestyle practices during menstruation can help reduce the risk of developing a UTI. Always wipe from front to back after using the toilet to prevent bacteria from the anal region from spreading to the urethra.
Changing menstrual products frequently is important. It is recommended to change pads and tampons every 4 to 6 hours, and menstrual cups should be emptied every 8 to 12 hours. This practice minimizes the buildup of bacteria in the genital area. Washing hands thoroughly before and after changing products also helps prevent bacterial transfer.
Staying well-hydrated by drinking plenty of water helps flush bacteria from the urinary tract. Aim for at least eight glasses of water daily, and perhaps more during your period or if you are active. Urinating frequently also helps by expelling bacteria from the urinary tract before they can multiply. It is also advisable to urinate immediately after sexual activity to help flush out any bacteria that may have entered the urethra.
Choosing breathable underwear, preferably made of cotton, and avoiding tight-fitting clothing can help maintain a drier environment, which is less favorable for bacterial growth. Avoid using irritating feminine hygiene products such as scented soaps, douches, or harsh chemicals, as these can disrupt the natural pH balance and irritate the urethra.