Naproxen, an NSAID available over-the-counter and by prescription, is widely used to alleviate pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. Understanding its mechanisms and effects clarifies why it does not produce a “high.”
What Naproxen Is and How It Works
Naproxen, an NSAID, works by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2). These enzymes produce prostaglandins, compounds that contribute to inflammation, pain, and fever. By blocking prostaglandin production, naproxen reduces these symptoms, offering therapeutic benefits for conditions like arthritis, menstrual cramps, and musculoskeletal pain. Its effects begin within an hour and can last up to twelve hours, providing sustained relief.
Why Naproxen Does Not Cause a “High”
Naproxen does not produce the euphoric, hallucinogenic, or mind-altering effects typically associated with recreational drugs. Unlike opioids, which bind to specific receptors in the brain to alter consciousness and create euphoria, naproxen primarily acts on peripheral pathways to reduce pain and inflammation. Its primary targets are the COX enzymes, involved in prostaglandin synthesis, rather than directly stimulating central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters responsible for pleasure. While some individuals might experience side effects such as dizziness or drowsiness, these are adverse reactions and do not reflect its potential for abuse.
Risks of Taking Too Much Naproxen
Taking more than the recommended dose of naproxen does not lead to a “high” but increases the risk of serious health complications. Gastrointestinal issues are common, including stomach upset, heartburn, ulcers, and severe bleeding. These risks increase with higher doses or prolonged use, especially in older individuals.
Excessive intake can also harm the kidneys, potentially leading to damage or failure, particularly in those with pre-existing problems. An increased risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart attack and stroke, is also present with long-term high-dose use. Liver problems, allergic reactions, and central nervous system side effects like severe headaches, confusion, or drowsiness are also possible.
Distinguishing Naproxen from Substances of Abuse
Naproxen is not classified as a controlled substance and does not possess the addictive properties seen in drugs commonly associated with abuse, such as opioids or benzodiazepines. It does not bind to opioid receptors in the brain, which are responsible for the rewarding psychoactive effects that drive addiction. Therefore, naproxen does not typically lead to physical dependence or significant withdrawal symptoms when discontinued.
While any medication can be misused, naproxen’s misuse usually stems from a misunderstanding of its effects or an attempt to achieve stronger pain relief, rather than seeking euphoria. Unlike addictive substances that alter brain chemistry to produce a “high,” naproxen’s purpose is to manage physical symptoms without affecting mood or consciousness in a recreational way. Its profile distinguishes it from drugs that pose a significant risk for substance use disorder due to their psychoactive properties.