Respiratory Syncytial Virus, commonly known as RSV, is a respiratory illness that can cause cold-like symptoms. This virus is widespread, affecting most individuals, particularly infants and older adults. RSV typically follows a seasonal pattern, with outbreaks often occurring from fall through late spring.
Understanding RSV Reinfection
Reinfection with RSV is common throughout a person’s life. While a first RSV infection might lead to more severe symptoms, subsequent infections often present as a milder, common cold. However, even repeat infections can be serious for vulnerable populations, such as infants, older adults, and individuals with underlying health conditions. A person can even experience RSV infection multiple times within a single season, though this is less common.
Why Reinfection Occurs
Immunity developed after an RSV infection is generally short-lived and does not provide complete protection against future infections. Experts suggest that the virus itself might interfere with the immune response, a process known as immunomodulation, which contributes to the lack of long-lasting immunity.
RSV also circulates as two main antigenic subtypes, RSV-A and RSV-B, which can co-circulate during an RSV season. Their presence increases the chances of reinfection as immunity to one subtype may not fully protect against the other. The constant presence of the virus in the environment further increases opportunities for exposure and subsequent reinfections.
Protecting Against RSV and Recurrent Infections
Given the possibility of recurrent RSV infections, several measures can help reduce exposure and mitigate risk. Frequent handwashing with soap and water is an important step in preventing the spread of the virus. Avoiding close contact with sick individuals and staying home when experiencing symptoms can also help prevent transmission. Regularly cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces, like doorknobs and toys, helps eliminate the virus, which can survive on objects for several hours.
New preventative tools are now available to provide protection against RSV, especially for those at higher risk. Monoclonal antibody products, such as nirsevimab (Beyfortus) and clesrovimab (Enflonsia), offer passive immunization to infants and some young children by providing ready-made antibodies. Additionally, vaccines are available for older adults, typically those aged 60 and above, and for pregnant individuals to protect their newborns. These advancements offer important ways to help safeguard vulnerable groups from severe RSV outcomes.