Skin cancer, though rare, can affect children. Despite its infrequent occurrence, it remains a serious health concern. Understanding the signs, risks, and preventive measures can contribute to early detection and improved outcomes.
Common Forms of Pediatric Skin Cancer
Melanoma is the most frequently diagnosed type of skin cancer in children, though it remains uncommon. It originates in melanocytes, the cells producing skin pigment. Pediatric melanoma can present differently than in adults, sometimes appearing as a pink, red, yellowish, or flesh-colored lesion instead of a dark brown or black mole.
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are exceedingly rare in children. When seen in younger individuals, these non-melanoma skin cancers are often linked to specific genetic predispositions or conditions. BCC typically appears as a small, shiny bump or nodule, while SCC may present as a rough, scaly patch or a wart-like growth.
Identifying Concerning Skin Changes
Parents should regularly examine their child’s skin for new or changing spots. The “ABCDE” rule, commonly used for adults, also applies to children’s moles, with some distinctions. Asymmetry, irregular borders, varied color, a diameter larger than 6 millimeters, and evolving changes (in size, shape, or color) indicate a need for medical attention. However, pediatric melanoma may not always fit the typical dark, multi-colored pattern; it can appear amelanotic (skin-colored to red), bleed, or present as a uniform bump. Other concerning signs include moles that itch, hurt, ooze, bleed, become crusty, or look distinctly different from other moles on the child’s body.
Understanding Risk and Protective Measures
Several factors can increase a child’s risk of developing skin cancer. These include genetic predispositions like a family history of melanoma, fair skin, light-colored eyes, and blond or red hair. The presence of numerous moles, especially large or atypical ones, also elevates risk. Significant exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly severe or blistering sunburns during childhood, is a major contributing factor to skin cancer risk later in life.
Protective measures are essential to minimize these risks. Limit sun exposure during peak UV hours, typically between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Apply broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher, protecting against both UVA and UVB rays, for children over six months of age. Reapply sunscreen every two hours, or more frequently after swimming or sweating.
Encourage the use of protective clothing, including hats that shade the face and neck, and seek shade whenever possible. Tanning beds should be strictly avoided, as they emit harmful UV radiation that significantly increases skin cancer risk.
Medical Evaluation and Care
If a suspicious skin change is observed, consult a pediatrician or dermatologist. These professionals can assess the lesion and determine if further investigation is warranted. Initial evaluation often involves a thorough visual examination. Dermoscopy, a non-invasive technique, can visualize subsurface structures and patterns, aiding in differentiation between benign and malignant lesions.
If a lesion appears concerning after initial examination, a biopsy is typically performed. This involves taking a small tissue sample for microscopic analysis to confirm or rule out cancer. For suspected melanoma, an excisional biopsy, which removes the entire lesion, is often the preferred diagnostic method.
Surgical removal of the tumor is the primary treatment for most pediatric skin cancers, especially melanoma. In more advanced cases, additional treatments like chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or immunotherapy may be considered. Early detection significantly improves the prognosis and treatment success for skin cancer in children.