Cervical polyps are growths that develop on the cervix, the passage to the uterus. Many are concerned about their link to conception. While often benign, understanding their nature is important for those navigating fertility concerns.
Understanding Cervical Polyps
Cervical polyps are small, finger-like or bulb-shaped growths emerging from the cervical canal. They vary in size, from millimeters to centimeters, and can appear reddish, purplish, or grayish. These growths are almost always benign, though rarely show abnormal changes. Cervical polyps develop in 2% to 5% of women. They are frequently observed in women over 20, particularly those who have had children.
Impact on Fertility
Cervical polyps can affect fertility, though they are a less common cause of infertility. Location and size influence a polyp’s impact on conception. A polyp high in the cervical canal might obstruct sperm passage into the uterus.
Beyond physical blockage, polyps interfere with the cervical environment. They may alter cervical mucus, which typically facilitates sperm movement during ovulation. Compromised mucus can hinder sperm from reaching the egg. Polyps can also lead to chronic inflammation or infection in the cervix. This altered microenvironment could impede sperm viability or create an unfavorable setting for fertilization.
While these mechanisms suggest a link, many women with cervical polyps conceive without fertility issues. If infertility is present, polyps are often one of several factors evaluated.
Detection and Diagnosis
Cervical polyps often cause no symptoms and are frequently discovered incidentally during routine gynecological exams. When symptoms occur, they include abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as spotting between periods, heavier periods, or bleeding after intercourse. Some may also experience an unusual vaginal discharge, which can be white, yellow, or foul-smelling if infected.
Diagnosis occurs during a pelvic exam. A speculum is used to visualize the cervix. Polyps often appear as distinct, reddish or purplish growths protruding from the cervical opening, making them easy to identify. A colposcopy, using a magnifying device, may be performed for closer inspection in some cases. If found, a tissue sample is usually sent for analysis to confirm it is benign.
Management and Outlook
Removal is a common, straightforward procedure, especially if symptomatic, large, or contributing to fertility concerns. This procedure, a polypectomy, can often be performed in an outpatient setting during a pelvic exam. Smaller polyps can be gently twisted off using forceps, while larger ones may require a heated wire loop or surgical string for removal.
Following removal, a tissue sample is sent for histopathological evaluation to confirm its benign nature and rule out concerning changes. The outlook for fertility after cervical polyp removal is positive, particularly if the polyp contributed to conception difficulties. Studies suggest removing polyps can improve pregnancy rates in women with unexplained infertility. While recurrence is rare, regular gynecological check-ups are important for overall cervical health.