Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise, or misuse of laxatives. This condition extends beyond mental health, significantly impacting various bodily systems, including oral health.
How Bulimia Affects Teeth
The primary way bulimia harms teeth is through repeated exposure to stomach acid during vomiting. Stomach acid is highly acidic, and it directly erodes the protective outer layer of teeth called enamel. This erosion initially leads to increased sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods and drinks. Over time, the enamel thins, making teeth appear more transparent or yellowish as the underlying dentin becomes exposed.
Continued acid exposure can cause teeth to become brittle and prone to chipping, cracking, or even wearing down to small nubs. Research indicates that tooth erosion occurs significantly more often in individuals who self-induce vomiting compared to those who do not. Brushing teeth immediately after vomiting can worsen this erosion because stomach acid temporarily softens the enamel, making it more susceptible to abrasive damage.
Other Oral Health Issues
Beyond direct tooth decay, bulimia can lead to a range of other oral health complications. Dry mouth, also known as xerostomia, is a common issue resulting from dehydration and reduced saliva flow. Saliva plays a role in neutralizing acids and remineralizing tooth enamel, so a decrease in its production leaves teeth more vulnerable to damage.
Gum disease, including gingivitis and periodontitis, can also develop. Poor nutrition, dehydration, and changes in the mouth’s bacterial balance due to acid exposure can contribute to inflamed, sensitive, and bleeding gums.
Additionally, repeated vomiting can cause the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands located near the jawline, to swell. This swelling can result in a noticeable enlargement often referred to as “chipmunk cheeks.” The throat and esophagus can also suffer irritation, chronic soreness, and potentially more serious damage from the frequent passage of stomach acid.
Protecting Oral Health
Protecting oral health with bulimia involves specific actions.
- Regular dental check-ups and open communication with a dentist can help identify and manage oral issues.
- After vomiting, rinse the mouth immediately with water or a fluoride mouthwash to help neutralize the acid. Wait at least 30 minutes to an hour before brushing to allow enamel to re-harden.
- Use fluoride toothpaste and potentially prescription-strength fluoride rinses or gels to strengthen enamel and increase resistance to acid attacks.
- Maintain good hydration by drinking plenty of water to combat dry mouth and encourage saliva production.
- Limit acidic foods and drinks, especially after vomiting, to further reduce acid exposure to teeth.
- Ultimately, the most comprehensive protection for oral health, and overall health, involves seeking professional treatment for bulimia itself.