A vaginal yeast infection is a common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida albicans. This fungus naturally exists in small amounts in the vagina, mouth, and digestive tract without causing problems. However, when the balance of microorganisms is disrupted, Candida can multiply rapidly, leading to an infection. Yeast infections are very common, with about 75% of women experiencing at least one in their lifetime. Pregnancy is one period when they are particularly prevalent.
Understanding the Link to Pregnancy
Pregnancy significantly increases an individual’s susceptibility to yeast infections due to several physiological changes. Elevated estrogen levels, which can increase as much as 30-fold during pregnancy, play a role in altering the vaginal environment. This rise in estrogen increases the production of glycogen in the vaginal lining, providing a favorable environment for yeast to grow. This abundance of glycogen can disrupt the natural balance of acid and yeast in the vagina, allowing Candida to overgrow.
Pregnancy can also lead to changes in the immune system, potentially making pregnant individuals more vulnerable to certain infections. An increase in vaginal discharge during pregnancy also creates a moist environment, which further encourages yeast proliferation. These combined factors make yeast infections particularly common during pregnancy, especially in the second and third trimesters.
Recognizing the Symptoms
Vaginal yeast infections present with uncomfortable symptoms, generally the same whether or not an individual is pregnant. Common signs include intense itching and burning in or around the vagina, along with redness and swelling of the vulva. The discharge is typically thick, white, and often described as having a cottage cheese-like appearance, usually without a strong odor.
Individuals might also experience soreness, stinging, or a burning sensation during urination or sexual intercourse. While these symptoms are bothersome, a vaginal yeast infection during pregnancy is generally considered a nuisance and is not likely to harm the developing baby. However, it is important to consult a healthcare provider to confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions with similar symptoms, such as bacterial vaginosis.
Safe Treatment Options During Pregnancy
Treating a yeast infection during pregnancy focuses on safe and effective methods to alleviate discomfort and clear the infection. Over-the-counter (OTC) antifungal vaginal creams or suppositories are the preferred treatment options. Medications containing miconazole or clotrimazole are generally considered safe for use throughout pregnancy. These topical treatments are applied directly to the affected area or inserted into the vagina, and 7-day regimens are often recommended.
Oral medications, such as fluconazole (Diflucan), are generally not recommended during pregnancy due to potential risks, including a possible link to birth defects or miscarriage, particularly if taken in high doses or during the first trimester. It is important to complete the full course of treatment as prescribed, even if symptoms improve earlier. Always consult a healthcare provider before starting any treatment for a suspected yeast infection during pregnancy to ensure proper diagnosis and safety for both the pregnant individual and the baby.
Prevention Strategies
Implementing certain practices can help reduce the likelihood of developing yeast infections during pregnancy. Wearing breathable underwear, preferably made of 100% cotton, is beneficial as it wicks away moisture and allows air circulation, creating a less favorable environment for yeast growth. Avoiding tight-fitting clothing, such as tight pants or pantyhose, helps prevent heat and moisture buildup around the genital area. Changing out of wet swimwear or sweaty workout clothes immediately is also recommended to keep the genital area dry.
Proper hygiene practices are important; this includes wiping from front to back after using the restroom to prevent yeast spread from the anal area to the vagina. It is advisable to avoid douching and scented feminine hygiene products, as these can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria and pH in the vagina. Limiting sugar intake, as yeast thrives on sugar, and managing conditions like diabetes, can also contribute to prevention by reducing the amount of sugar in vaginal secretions.