A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection typically caused by bacteria that affects any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. While commonly localized to the bladder or urethra, UTIs can sometimes extend beyond these areas. A UTI can lead to systemic symptoms, including those that resemble the flu.
How UTIs Can Affect the Whole Body
When bacteria enter and multiply within the urinary tract, the body initiates an immune response to combat the infection. This response involves the release of various inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, by immune cells and the lining of the urinary tract. These molecules are crucial for signaling and recruiting other immune cells, like neutrophils, to the site of infection to clear the bacteria.
These inflammatory mediators can travel through the bloodstream, affecting other parts of the body. This systemic spread of inflammatory signals can trigger body-wide symptoms. The severity of this response often correlates with the infection’s extent, particularly if it has spread from the bladder to the kidneys.
Identifying Flu-Like Symptoms Associated with UTIs
Urinary tract infections can cause symptoms that mimic the flu, especially when the infection becomes more severe or affects the upper urinary tract, such as the kidneys. These systemic symptoms can include fever and chills. Individuals might also experience fatigue or body aches. Nausea and vomiting are additional flu-like symptoms that can occur with a UTI, particularly if the kidneys are involved.
These systemic symptoms frequently appear alongside or sometimes even before the more classic indicators of a UTI. Common urinary symptoms include a persistent, strong urge to urinate, a burning sensation during urination, and frequent urination with small amounts of urine. Urine may also appear cloudy, have a strong odor, or contain blood. Pain or pressure in the lower abdomen or pelvic area is another common sign. The presence of both flu-like and urinary symptoms strongly suggests a UTI that requires attention.
When to Consult a Healthcare Professional
Prompt medical attention is important if flu-like symptoms are present alongside urinary symptoms, as this could indicate a more serious infection, such as a kidney infection. Seek immediate care if you experience a high fever, typically above 101°F (38.3°C), or shaking chills. Severe back or flank pain can signal that the infection has reached the kidneys. Nausea and vomiting, particularly if persistent, also warrant urgent evaluation.
Consult a healthcare provider if any UTI symptoms worsen or do not improve despite initial care. Self-diagnosis and treatment are not recommended for UTIs, as antibiotics are typically needed to resolve the bacterial infection. Certain individuals, including pregnant individuals, children, men, and those with underlying health conditions like diabetes or a weakened immune system, should seek professional diagnosis and treatment promptly for any suspected UTI. Untreated UTIs can lead to serious complications, including kidney damage or bloodstream infections.