The image of a male lion with a full, flowing mane and a sleek, maneless lioness is widely recognized as the standard representation of these magnificent big cats. This distinct difference in appearance has long been a defining characteristic, helping to easily identify the sexes within a pride. However, nature sometimes presents fascinating variations from the norm, challenging our conventional understanding of species.
The Lion’s Typical Appearance
Lions exhibit clear distinctions between males and females, a characteristic known as sexual dimorphism. A full-grown male lion typically measures 1.8 to 2.1 meters in length and stands about 1.2 meters high at the shoulder, weighing between 170 and 230 kilograms. The male’s most striking feature is its prominent mane, which can vary in color from blond to black and cover its head, neck, shoulders, and chest. Lionesses are generally smaller, with a body length of about 1.5 meters, a shoulder height of 0.9 to 1.1 meters, and a weight ranging from 120 to 180 kilograms. They typically lack a mane.
The Male Mane’s Purpose
The male lion’s mane serves several important functions related to sexual selection and social dynamics, as a large, dark mane signals health and high testosterone levels, making males more attractive to potential mates. Lionesses often prefer males with darker and fuller manes, as these traits indicate a healthy individual, suggesting reproductive success. Beyond attracting females, the mane also plays a role in intimidating rival males. A full mane can make a male lion appear larger and more formidable, deterring challengers. While some theories suggest the mane offers protection during combat, this protective role is debated.
Understanding Maned Lionesses
While rare, female lions can indeed grow manes, a phenomenon often linked to hormonal imbalances. The cause is elevated testosterone, the male sex hormone, which can be due to ovarian or adrenal gland issues. A captive lioness named Emma developed a mane due to high testosterone from an ovarian problem, which receded after her ovaries were removed. In some cases, a genetic component also contributes to this unusual trait, with several maned lionesses documented in Botswana’s Moremi Game Reserve suggesting a genetic predisposition there. These instances highlight the interplay of genetics and hormones influencing physical characteristics.
Beyond the Mane: Impact on Female Lions
The development of a mane in a lioness is accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes, as increased testosterone levels, which drive mane growth, can also lead to a more muscular build and larger size, making maned lionesses appear more male-like. These lionesses may exhibit behaviors typically associated with male lions, such as increased scent-marking, more frequent and deeper roars, and even mounting other females. While these masculinized traits can enhance their perceived dominance within the pride, they can also impact reproductive capabilities. Maned lionesses with high androgen levels may experience reduced fertility or infertility. Despite potential reproductive challenges, these females live long, healthy lives, contributing to the pride’s defense by deterring rivals.