Experiencing plugged ears during a cold is a common and often uncomfortable symptom. This sensation, from muffled hearing to fullness, is a frequent side effect of upper respiratory infections. While bothersome, it is generally a normal, temporary part of the body’s response to a cold.
How Colds Affect Your Ears
Colds plug ears by affecting the Eustachian tubes, narrow passages connecting the middle ear to the back of the throat. These tubes equalize air pressure, drain fluid, and ensure proper hearing. When a cold virus infects the nose and throat, it causes inflammation and increased mucus. This inflammation and mucus can block the Eustachian tubes, preventing them from opening and closing correctly.
When Eustachian tubes are blocked, air pressure in the middle ear cannot equalize, leading to fullness or pressure. Trapped air can pull the eardrum inward, contributing to discomfort and muffled hearing. Mucus accumulation behind the eardrum can also cause a “clogged” sensation and temporary hearing loss. This condition, known as Eustachian tube dysfunction, is a direct consequence of the body’s inflammatory response to the cold virus.
Relieving Ear Congestion
Several approaches can help alleviate ear congestion caused by a cold:
Gentle techniques to open Eustachian tubes include swallowing, yawning, or chewing gum.
The Valsalva maneuver involves taking a deep breath, pinching nostrils shut, and gently blowing air out with a closed mouth. Do this gently to avoid ear damage.
Inhaling steam helps loosen nasal mucus and may reduce inflammation, potentially clearing Eustachian tubes. This can be done by leaning over hot water with a towel or taking a warm shower.
Applying a warm compress to the affected ear for 5 to 10 minutes can soothe discomfort and promote drainage.
Over-the-counter nasal decongestants reduce nasal swelling, which may help open Eustachian tubes. Do not use nasal sprays for more than three days to prevent rebound congestion.
Oral decongestants also relieve nasal and sinus congestion, with effects lasting several hours.
When to See a Doctor
While ear congestion from a cold often resolves, certain symptoms warrant medical attention. Seek professional advice if you experience severe ear pain, especially if sharp or throbbing. Fluid discharge (yellow, brown, or white) could indicate an ear infection or torn eardrum, requiring prompt evaluation. Persistent symptoms lasting longer than a few days to a week, or worsening despite home remedies, should also be discussed with a healthcare provider.
Other warning signs include fever, significant or sudden hearing loss, dizziness, or balance problems. These could signal a middle ear infection (otitis media), a common cold complication, or other underlying issues. Untreated ear infections can lead to prolonged hearing loss or, rarely, eardrum damage.