Once a cavity, a hole in the tooth, has formed, it requires professional dental intervention. However, early tooth decay, before a full cavity develops, can sometimes be reversed. This initial damage to enamel can be addressed through the body’s natural repair mechanisms and proper oral care.
The Body’s Natural Repair Process
Remineralization is the process by which the tooth repairs early damage. This occurs when minerals like calcium, phosphate, and sometimes fluoride are redeposited into weakened areas of tooth enamel. This process restores the strength and function of the tooth.
Saliva plays a role in this repair process. It neutralizes acids produced by bacteria, which cause demineralization. Saliva also carries minerals like calcium and phosphate to the tooth surface, aiding enamel rebuilding. Chewing sugar-free gum can stimulate saliva flow, further enhancing this protective effect.
Fluoride supports remineralization by strengthening enamel and making it more resistant to acid attacks. When fluoride is present in the mouth, it helps accelerate the formation of fluorapatite crystals, which are more acid-resistant than the natural hydroxyapatite crystals in enamel. This process halts the progression of early decay and prevents a full cavity from forming.
When Professional Treatment is Necessary
Once tooth decay progresses beyond the enamel and creates a cavity, the tooth cannot naturally regenerate, and professional dental treatment becomes necessary. At this stage, bacteria have penetrated deeper, affecting the dentin (the layer beneath the enamel) or the pulp (the innermost part of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels).
For moderate decay, a dentist performs a filling, removing the decayed portion of the tooth and replacing it with a restorative material. If the decay is more extensive, leading to structural damage, a crown may be needed to cover and protect the entire tooth. In cases where decay reaches the pulp, causing infection or inflammation, a root canal procedure is performed to remove the infected tissue and save the tooth. If the tooth is severely damaged, extraction may be the only option. Timely dental visits diagnose and treat cavities early, preventing complications and preserving natural tooth structure.
Preventing Cavities
Maintaining good oral hygiene is a defense against cavity formation. Brushing twice daily with fluoride toothpaste helps remove plaque and bacteria that produce harmful acids. Flossing once a day cleans between teeth where toothbrushes may not reach, removing food particles and plaque.
Dietary choices influence cavity prevention. Limiting sugary snacks and drinks, as well as acidic foods, reduces the fuel for acid-producing bacteria. Incorporating calcium-rich foods like dairy products helps replenish minerals in enamel. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are recommended every six months to remove plaque and tartar and to detect early signs of demineralization or decay. Dentists may recommend supplemental fluoride treatments, such as fluoride varnish, especially for individuals at higher risk of cavities.