When a nail breaks, it cannot “fuse back together” like a broken bone or a cut on the skin. Unlike living tissues such as skin or bone, the nail plate is composed of non-living material. This means it lacks the biological mechanisms for self-repair and reattachment once separated. Understanding this distinction is key to properly caring for a damaged nail.
Understanding Nail Structure and Growth
Nails are primarily composed of a tough protein called keratin, forming the nail plate. This visible, hardened part is essentially made of dead cells. It provides protection to the sensitive fingertips and rests firmly on the nail bed beneath it.
The continuous growth of the nail originates from the nail matrix, a living tissue located under the skin at the base of the nail. Within the matrix, new cells are constantly produced. As these cells form, they gradually harden and flatten, pushing older cells forward to form the nail plate. Fingernails typically grow at an average rate of about 3 to 3.5 millimeters per month.
The damaged portion of a broken nail will simply remain until new, healthy nail growth pushes it out. If the break is severe or involves the nail matrix, the new growth might appear irregular or discolored. A fingernail can take approximately four to six months to fully regrow from the base to the tip.
Managing a Broken Nail
When a nail breaks, taking immediate steps can prevent further damage and discomfort. If a portion is hanging off, gently trim the detached part to prevent snagging. Clean the injured area with soap and water to prevent infection. For minor breaks, apply an antibiotic ointment and cover the area with a bandage for protection while the nail grows out.
Temporary fixes can help manage a broken nail until it grows long enough to be trimmed. Nail glue can bond a broken piece back in place, providing a quick, temporary solution. Another method involves cutting a small piece from a tea bag or coffee filter and adhering it over the break with clear nail polish or nail glue, creating a patch that adds stability.
Promoting healthy nail growth is important while the damaged part grows out. Keep nails moisturized and protect them from harsh chemicals, such as by wearing gloves during cleaning. A balanced diet contributes to overall nail health and supports robust growth. Regular, gentle filing and shaping of the remaining nail can also prevent further splitting.
Seek professional medical attention if a broken nail shows signs of infection, such as increasing pain, redness, swelling, warmth, or pus. Also consult a healthcare provider if the nail bed or matrix is severely damaged. This includes if the nail is discolored (e.g., black or purple) or separates from the nail bed without clear injury.