Bladder inflammation, medically termed cystitis, is the swelling and irritation of the bladder wall. It is a common condition affecting individuals of any age, though it occurs more frequently in women. While often causing discomfort, cystitis is manageable and can resolve with appropriate attention to its underlying cause.
Identifying the Symptoms
A primary symptom of bladder inflammation is a strong, persistent urge to urinate, even if the bladder is not full. This is accompanied by a burning or stinging sensation during urination. Individuals may also need to urinate more often than usual, yet pass only small amounts each time.
Urine may appear cloudy, dark, or have a strong odor, and some people experience pressure or discomfort in the lower abdomen. These symptoms can present differently across age groups. In young children, new episodes of daytime wetting may signal a urinary tract infection (UTI). In older adults, cystitis might manifest as confusion, agitation, or increased incontinence.
Understanding the Causes
The most frequent cause of cystitis is a bacterial infection, commonly known as a urinary tract infection (UTI). Most cases are caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli), a type of bacteria that normally lives in the intestines. These bacteria can travel from the anus to the urethra and into the bladder, where they multiply and cause the bladder lining to become inflamed. Women are more susceptible because their shorter urethra provides an easier path for bacteria to enter the bladder.
Bladder inflammation can also occur without an infection. Interstitial cystitis, or painful bladder syndrome, is a chronic condition causing bladder pain and pressure with an unclear cause. Chemical cystitis can develop from irritation caused by products like feminine hygiene sprays, spermicidal jellies, or bubble bath chemicals. Certain medications, like some chemotherapy drugs, can induce inflammation as they exit the body, and pelvic radiation therapy can also cause inflammatory changes in bladder tissue.
Diagnosis and Medical Treatment Options
A healthcare provider diagnoses bladder inflammation by reviewing symptoms and medical history. A primary diagnostic tool is a urinalysis, where a urine sample is examined for bacteria, blood, or pus. This test can quickly suggest an infection.
If bacteria are detected, a urine culture is performed to identify the specific type causing the infection, which helps select the most effective antibiotic. For recurring infections or suspected structural issues, imaging tests like an ultrasound or X-ray may be used. For persistent issues, a cystoscopy, which uses a thin tube and camera to view the urinary tract, might be recommended.
For bacterial cystitis, antibiotics are the standard treatment. The prescribed course can range from three days to a week or more, depending on the severity of the infection and the type of bacteria. For non-infectious forms, treatment focuses on addressing the source of the inflammation. This might involve discontinuing the use of an irritating chemical product or using oral medications to manage a chronic condition like interstitial cystitis.
At-Home Management Strategies
Alongside medical treatment, at-home strategies can help manage discomfort. Drinking plenty of water is recommended to help dilute urine and flush bacteria from the bladder. Applying a heating pad to the lower abdomen can also soothe pelvic discomfort.
Avoiding potential bladder irritants may also provide relief. Common irritants include caffeinated beverages like coffee, alcohol, spicy foods, and acidic fruit juices. While these measures can alleviate symptoms, they do not cure an underlying bacterial infection. Similarly, over-the-counter pain relievers can reduce pain but will not eliminate the bacteria.