Gastroenteritis, commonly known as “stomach flu,” is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, typically causing symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, nausea, loss of appetite, and sometimes a low-grade fever. While generally not severe, it can lead to discomfort and may cause dehydration if not managed appropriately.
Key Differences Between Viral and Bacterial Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis can stem from various sources. Viruses are the most common cause, including rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus. Bacteria, though less frequent, can lead to more intense illness, with common pathogens like Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Campylobacter.
Onset and duration of symptoms differ. Viral gastroenteritis typically appears suddenly, resolving within one to three days. Bacterial gastroenteritis may have a more varied onset and can persist longer, sometimes a week or more.
While many symptoms overlap, distinctions exist. Viral gastroenteritis often begins with more pronounced vomiting. Bacterial infections are more frequently associated with a higher fever, severe abdominal pain, and occasionally bloody stools.
Transmission routes also vary. Viral gastroenteritis is highly contagious, spreading through direct person-to-person contact or contaminated surfaces/vomit. Bacterial gastroenteritis is commonly acquired through contaminated food or water, often due to improper handling or sanitation.
Diagnosis and When to Seek Medical Attention
Gastroenteritis is typically diagnosed based on symptoms and medical history. A healthcare provider will inquire about symptom nature, onset, and recent exposures. When a bacterial infection is suspected, stool samples may be collected for laboratory testing to identify the specific pathogen. However, such tests are not always necessary for common viral cases, which often resolve on their own.
Seek medical attention if signs of severe dehydration appear, such as decreased urination, excessive thirst, dry mouth, or unusual lethargy. Other reasons to consult a doctor include a high fever (above 102°F or 38.9°C), severe abdominal pain, or bloody or black, tarry stools. Infants, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems should also seek prompt medical care due to their increased risk of complications.
Managing and Treating Gastroenteritis
Supportive care is the primary approach for managing gastroenteritis, alleviating symptoms and preventing complications. Maintaining adequate hydration is paramount, as vomiting and diarrhea lead to significant fluid loss. Drinking plenty of clear fluids like water, clear broths, and oral rehydration solutions is recommended to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. Oral rehydration solutions are particularly beneficial for children, as plain water alone may not adequately replace lost electrolytes.
Dietary adjustments also aid recovery. Consume bland, easy-to-digest foods like crackers, rice, bananas, and toast once nausea subsides. Avoid fatty, sugary, or dairy foods, as they can worsen symptoms.
Antibiotics are specifically for bacterial gastroenteritis and are not effective against viral infections. Over-the-counter medications like loperamide (Imodium A-D) or bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) can help reduce diarrhea symptoms in adults. Use these with caution, especially in children, and avoid if there is bloody diarrhea or fever. Anti-nausea medications, such as ondansetron, may be prescribed for severe vomiting.
Preventing Gastroenteritis
Good hygiene practices significantly reduce the risk of contracting and spreading gastroenteritis. Thorough handwashing with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom and before handling food, is highly effective. Wash vigorously for at least 15 seconds, rubbing all hand surfaces.
Food safety practices are also important. Properly cook foods, ensure adequate refrigeration, and prevent cross-contamination between raw and cooked items. Take care with water sources, especially when traveling to areas with uncertain sanitation.
Vaccination can provide protection against specific types of gastroenteritis. For instance, a rotavirus vaccine is available for infants, effective in preventing severe illness from this common viral pathogen. While vaccines for most other bacterial or viral causes are not widely available, research continues to explore new options.