Astrovirus is a common virus that causes gastroenteritis, an infection of the gastrointestinal tract. While a frequent source of the “stomach flu,” it is less known than viruses like norovirus or rotavirus. The virus gets its name from its star-like shape when viewed under a microscope.
Young children, particularly those under five, are commonly affected, with studies suggesting that around 90% of children have been infected by age nine. The elderly and individuals with compromised immune systems are also more susceptible to astrovirus infections.
Symptoms of Astrovirus
The signs of an astrovirus infection appear within three to four days after exposure. The most common symptom is watery diarrhea, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain or cramping.
Some individuals may also experience a low-grade fever, headache, or muscle aches. Most cases are considered mild, and the illness lasts for a short period, with most people recovering within two to four days.
In people with weakened immune systems, the infection can be more severe and may lead to complications. While rare, some strains of the virus can infect the central nervous system, but this occurs almost exclusively in immunocompromised individuals.
How Astrovirus is Transmitted
Astrovirus is highly contagious and spreads through the fecal-oral route. This means the virus is present in the stool of an infected person and is transmitted when microscopic particles are ingested by another person.
Transmission occurs through direct contact with an infected individual or by touching contaminated surfaces. Objects like toys, doorknobs, or diaper-changing tables can harbor the virus, which can survive in the environment for extended periods. Consuming contaminated food or water is another route of transmission.
Because the virus spreads easily, outbreaks are common in settings where people are in close proximity. Childcare centers, nursing homes, schools, and hospitals are vulnerable environments for the rapid spread of astrovirus.
Treatment and Recovery
There is no specific antiviral medication to treat an astrovirus infection. Instead, medical care focuses on managing symptoms and providing supportive care. The primary goal of treatment is to prevent dehydration caused by diarrhea and vomiting.
To manage hydration, it is recommended to drink plenty of fluids. Water, clear broths, and oral rehydration solutions (ORS) are particularly effective for replenishing lost fluids and electrolytes. In cases of severe dehydration, intravenous (IV) fluids may be necessary. Getting adequate rest is also important for recovery. As symptoms improve, a bland diet can be gradually reintroduced.
When to See a Doctor
While most astrovirus infections resolve at home, certain symptoms warrant medical attention. You should consult a doctor if you or your child shows signs of severe dehydration, such as a lack of urination, dizziness, or sunken eyes. A high fever, bloody diarrhea, or symptoms that do not improve after a few days are also reasons to seek medical advice.
Prevention Strategies
Preventing the spread of astrovirus relies on consistent hygiene and sanitation practices. The most effective prevention method is frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water. Hands should be washed for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the restroom, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food. It is important to note that alcohol-based hand sanitizers are not as effective against astrovirus.
Proper cleaning and disinfection of surfaces that may be contaminated are also important, particularly in shared environments. Using chlorine-based cleaners can help kill the virus on surfaces. Safe food handling practices, such as washing fruits and vegetables with clean water and cooking food thoroughly, can reduce the risk of transmission through contaminated food. When swimming, avoid swallowing water from pools, lakes, or rivers.