A yeast infection, also known as vaginal candidiasis, is a common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida yeast, most often Candida albicans, which naturally resides in the vagina. This overgrowth disrupts the natural balance of microorganisms, leading to irritation and discomfort.
Understanding the Increased Likelihood
Pregnancy introduces several physiological changes that make individuals more susceptible to yeast infections. Hormonal fluctuations, primarily elevated estrogen levels, play a significant role. Increased estrogen leads to a rise in glycogen production within the vaginal lining, creating an environment rich in sugar that provides ample food for yeast to thrive. This shift in the vaginal environment can also alter the delicate balance of vaginal pH, which normally maintains a protective acidic state.
The immune system also adjusts during pregnancy, reducing the body’s ability to control Candida growth. Increased vaginal discharge, a common occurrence in pregnancy, also contributes to a warmer, moister environment, which is conducive for yeast proliferation. These combined factors explain why yeast infections are more common during pregnancy, especially in the second trimester.
Identifying and Managing Symptoms
Recognizing the symptoms of a yeast infection is important for timely management. Common indicators include persistent itching and burning sensations in and around the vagina. There may also be redness and swelling of the vulva, and discomfort or pain during urination or sexual intercourse. A characteristic symptom is a thick, white vaginal discharge that often resembles cottage cheese and typically has little to no odor.
If these symptoms appear, consulting a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis is advised, as other vaginal infections can present similarly. Self-treating without confirmation may delay appropriate care for a different condition. For pregnant individuals, topical antifungal medications, such as vaginal creams or suppositories containing clotrimazole or miconazole, are considered safe and effective. These treatments are applied directly to the affected area and are recommended for a 7-day course. Oral antifungal medications, such as fluconazole, are not recommended during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester or at higher doses, due to potential risks.
Pregnancy Outcomes and Proactive Measures
While yeast infections can be uncomfortable and bothersome during pregnancy, they do not pose serious risks to the developing fetus or lead to significant pregnancy complications like preterm birth. The primary concern related to pregnancy outcomes is the possibility of the baby acquiring oral thrush during vaginal delivery if the mother has an active infection. Oral thrush, a yeast infection in the baby’s mouth, appears as white patches and is treatable with antifungal medication for the infant.
Several proactive measures can reduce the likelihood of developing yeast infections during pregnancy. Wearing loose-fitting clothing and cotton underwear allows for better air circulation and helps keep the genital area dry. Promptly changing out of wet swimsuits or sweaty workout clothes also minimizes the moist environment yeast favors. Practicing good hygiene, such as wiping from front to back after using the restroom and avoiding douching or scented feminine products, helps maintain the natural vaginal balance. Additionally, managing blood sugar levels, particularly for those with diabetes, can contribute to prevention, as yeast thrives on sugar.