Pigeons are a common sight, often appearing in diverse colors from gray to black. This frequently leads to a question: do white pigeons exist? The presence of an entirely white bird, often associated with peace and ceremonies, sparks curiosity about their origins and whether they are a distinct type of bird. This article explores the scientific understanding behind the white coloration of pigeons, clarifying their nature and place within the bird family.
The Reality of White Pigeons
White pigeons are real and a familiar sight, particularly during ceremonial releases. These birds are not a separate species but are domestic pigeons, scientifically known as Columba livia domestica. They are descendants of the wild rock dove (Columba livia), the same species from which common city pigeons originate. Humans have selectively bred rock doves for thousands of years, developing various traits, including plumage color.
This selective breeding has resulted in numerous domestic pigeon breeds, with white plumage being an aesthetically desired outcome. White pigeons are often chosen for events like weddings and sporting ceremonies due to their symbolic appearance. Their presence highlights a long history of human interaction and modification of this adaptable bird species.
How Pigeons Become White
The white coloration in pigeons stems from genetic variations that impact pigment production. Bird feathers derive their color from melanin, a pigment responsible for black, brown, and gray hues. White pigeons exhibit this color due to genetic mutations that either prevent the production of melanin or its proper deposition into the feathers.
Most white pigeons are not true albinos, but display a condition called leucism. Leucism results from a partial or total reduction of pigment in the feathers, while the bird’s eyes and other soft parts retain their normal coloration. In contrast, true albinism involves a complete absence of melanin due to a genetic mutation affecting its production, leading to entirely white plumage and characteristic red or pink eyes. Breeders have specifically selected for leucistic traits over generations to produce consistently white birds, demonstrating how human intervention influences avian appearance.
White Pigeons vs. White Doves
A common point of confusion arises when distinguishing between white pigeons and white doves. Scientifically, “pigeon” and “dove” are interchangeable terms, both referring to birds within the same family, Columbidae. The distinction often comes down to common usage, with “dove” typically referring to smaller, more delicate species or being used for symbolic purposes.
Many birds referred to as “white doves,” especially those used in ceremonial releases, are white domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica). These pigeons have been bred for their pure white feathers and their homing abilities, allowing them to return to their lofts after release. While there are true species of doves, such as the Ringneck Dove (Streptopelia risoria) or Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura), the white birds commonly seen in public ceremonies are overwhelmingly domestic pigeons, bred for their distinct appearance.