Montana is home to diverse snake species. Ten native species reside across the state, adapting to different environments from prairies to forests. While many of these reptiles are harmless, some people experience apprehension when encountering them in the outdoors. Understanding them contributes to safe interactions and appreciation for their ecosystem role.
The Venomous Species of Montana
Among the ten snake species native to Montana, only one is venomous: the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis). It belongs to the pit viper family, distinguished by heat-sensing pits that detect prey’s body heat.
The Prairie Rattlesnake is widespread throughout Montana, typically found at elevations below 6,400 to 6,500 feet. Its range includes open and arid country, ponderosa pine stands, and mixed grass-coniferous forests. These snakes are often encountered on south-facing slopes and in areas with rock outcrops.
Recognizing the Prairie Rattlesnake
Prairie Rattlesnakes have several distinct physical features. Adults typically range from 15 to 60 inches in length, occasionally exceeding 3.9 feet. Their bodies have a stout build, a narrow neck, and a triangular-shaped head. The background color of these snakes can vary from pale green to brown, featuring a series of brown or black blotches along their backs that often merge into rings near the tail.
A defining characteristic is the rattle at the end of their tail, used to warn predators. No other snake species in Montana naturally possesses rattles. They also have elliptical, cat-like eyes and hinged, hollow fangs that fold back into their mouths. Their cryptic coloration helps them blend into surroundings as a primary defense.
Safe Practices Around Snakes
Exercising caution and awareness can help reduce encounters with snakes. When hiking, it is advisable to stay on established trails, as venturing off-path increases the chance of disturbing snakes in their natural habitats. Wear sturdy over-the-ankle hiking boots and long pants for protection against bites. Avoid placing hands or feet where you cannot see, such as under rocks, logs, or in thick brush.
Maintaining a safe distance of at least 10 to 15 feet from any snake observed is important. If you hear a rattlesnake’s warning rattle, calmly move away without making sudden or threatening movements. Rattlesnakes do not always rattle before striking. Never handle, capture, or kill a snake; most bites occur during interaction. Keep pets leashed in snake country to reduce their risk of encounters.
Responding to a Rattlesnake Bite
In the rare event of a rattlesnake bite, immediate medical attention is essential. The first step is to move away from the snake to prevent additional bites and remain as calm as possible. Anxiety and movement can accelerate the spread of venom through the body. Remove rings, watches, or tight clothing from the affected limb, as swelling can occur rapidly.
Gently wash the bite area with soap and water if available, and then immobilize the affected limb. It is beneficial to keep the bitten area at or slightly below heart level. Crucially, do not attempt to cut the wound, suck out the venom, apply a tourniquet, or use ice. These actions are not effective and can cause further tissue damage or complications. Contact emergency services or get to the nearest medical facility without delay; a description or photograph of the snake, if taken safely, can assist medical professionals in treatment.