Pennsylvania is home to a diverse array of snake species, inhabiting various landscapes across the state. These reptiles include both non-venomous and venomous types. Understanding the different snakes present and how to interact with them safely can help residents and visitors appreciate these creatures.
Snakes Native to Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania hosts 21 native snake species, with the vast majority being non-venomous. These snakes are generally harmless to humans and play an important role in controlling pest populations. Common non-venomous species include the Eastern Garter Snake, Northern Water Snake, Eastern Milk Snake, and Black Rat Snake.
The Eastern Garter Snake is recognizable by its striped pattern and is frequently found in diverse habitats, including suburban areas. Northern Water Snakes, often mistaken for venomous species, are robust and typically found near aquatic environments. Eastern Milk Snakes have distinctive patterns of reddish-brown blotches, often leading to confusion with copperheads. Black Rat Snakes, which can grow quite large, are constrictors that consume rodents and are often found in wooded areas, barns, or even basements.
Pennsylvania has three native venomous snake species: the Eastern Copperhead, Timber Rattlesnake, and Eastern Massasauga. The Eastern Copperhead is the most common venomous snake in the state, identifiable by its copper-colored head and hourglass-shaped bands. They typically measure 20 to 37 inches and prefer rocky outcrops, wooded hillsides, and areas with debris.
The Timber Rattlesnake is a larger, heavy-bodied snake, reaching lengths of 36 to 60 inches, with a distinctive rattle. Its coloration varies, often featuring dark crossbands on a yellow, brown, or black background. These snakes primarily inhabit mountainous regions and dense forests.
The Eastern Massasauga is the smallest of Pennsylvania’s venomous snakes, typically around two feet long, and is considered an endangered species in the state due to habitat loss. It has dark brown blotches on a gray or light brown body and is found in specific wetland habitats in western Pennsylvania. All three venomous species are pit vipers, characterized by heat-sensing pits and elliptical pupils, unlike the round pupils of non-venomous snakes.
Encountering Snakes Safely
Most snake species are not aggressive and will attempt to avoid humans. If you encounter a snake, give it space and observe it from a distance. Attempting to approach, provoke, or handle any snake can lead to a defensive bite, even from non-venomous species.
For identification, head shape and pupil shape can offer clues (venomous snakes often have triangular heads and vertical pupils), but these traits are not always reliable. Some non-venomous snakes can flatten their heads to mimic a threatening appearance. A rattle indicates a rattlesnake, but they do not always rattle before striking. A more dependable indicator for native venomous snakes in Pennsylvania is a single row of scales on the underside of their tail, unlike the two rows on non-venomous snakes.
To minimize snake encounters, remove potential hiding spots like piles of wood, rocks, or leaves. Seal cracks in foundations and around entry points to basements or sheds to prevent snakes from entering structures. Wearing long pants and high-topped, thick hiking boots in wooded or rocky areas can also provide protection.
In the unlikely event of a snake bite, remain calm and seek immediate medical attention. Keep the bitten limb still and, if possible, below the level of the heart. Remove any tight clothing or jewelry from the affected area. Do not cut the wound, suck out venom, apply a tourniquet, or use ice, as these actions can cause more harm. While painful, bites from Pennsylvania’s venomous snakes are rarely fatal with prompt medical care.