Oklahoma is home to a diverse array of snake species, thriving across its varied landscapes, from eastern forests to western prairies. Understanding these native inhabitants is key to safe interactions.
Snakes in Oklahoma
Oklahoma is home to approximately 46 to 47 distinct snake species, most of which are not venomous. They play an important ecological role, contributing to the local food web by helping to regulate populations of rodents and insects.
Venomous Species
Only seven of Oklahoma’s snake species are venomous, all belonging to the pit viper family. These include the copperhead, cottonmouth, and five types of rattlesnakes. Pit vipers generally possess a wider, triangular head, elliptical pupils, and heat-sensing pits between their eyes and nostrils.
Copperheads are identified by their light brown or tan bodies with distinctive dark, hourglass-shaped bands. Juvenile copperheads may have a yellow or green tail tip. Cottonmouths, also known as water moccasins, are typically dark-bodied with bands that can become less distinct with age, and they often display a white, fleshy interior when their mouth is open.
Rattlesnakes are recognized by the segments of keratin at the end of their tails, which produce a distinct rattling sound when vibrated. Oklahoma is home to the Western Diamondback, Timber, Prairie, Western Massasauga, and Western Pygmy rattlesnakes. The Western Diamondback Rattlesnake, for example, is identifiable by dark, diamond-shaped blotches and bold black and white bands on its tail. Their bites vary in severity, with rattlesnake bites generally being more serious than those from copperheads or cottonmouths.
Non-Venomous Species
Oklahoma’s non-venomous snakes are far more numerous and pose no threat to humans. Many have slender bodies and round pupils, distinguishing them from their venomous counterparts. Common examples include garter snakes, recognized by their striped patterns, and rat snakes, known for their rodent-controlling habits.
King snakes prey on other snakes, including venomous ones. Bullsnakes are large constrictors that primarily feed on rodents and birds; they may hiss loudly or vibrate their tails when threatened, mimicking rattlesnakes. Hognose snakes are noted for their unique, upturned snouts and a defensive behavior where they flatten their heads and play dead when disturbed.
Common Habitats
Snakes in Oklahoma inhabit a wide array of environments. They are frequently found in grasslands, providing ample cover and prey. Forests, particularly those with rocky outcrops, offer shelter, basking spots, and hibernation sites for species like copperheads and timber rattlesnakes.
Water sources are also significant habitats, with cottonmouths often found in swamps, marshes, and around ponds and streams. Many non-venomous water snake species also thrive in aquatic settings. Even suburban and urban areas can support snake populations, especially where there are overgrown areas, brush piles, or old buildings that offer shelter and food sources.
Safe Encounters
General Safety
If you encounter a snake, remain calm and maintain a respectful distance. Most snakes avoid humans and only bite if threatened or cornered. Slowly back away and give it a wide berth. Never attempt to handle, capture, or kill any snake, as most bites occur during these actions.
When outdoors in snake habitats, wear sturdy boots and long pants. Always watch your step and avoid placing hands or feet into unseen areas like dense brush or rock crevices. Homeowners can deter snakes by clearing brush piles, tall grass, and sealing foundation cracks around residences.
If Bitten
In the event of a snakebite, seek immediate medical attention by calling emergency services. While waiting for help, remain calm, gently wash the bite area with soap and water, and keep the bitten limb still and at heart level. Do not attempt to cut the wound, suck out venom, apply ice, or use a tourniquet, as these actions can worsen the injury. If possible and safe, take a photo of the snake from a distance to aid in identification for medical treatment.