Snakes are present in Norway, though their variety and abundance are limited compared to warmer climates. The country is home to three native snake species, only one of which is venomous.
Norway’s Native Snake Species
The European adder (Vipera berus), known as “hoggorm,” is Norway’s most common snake. It varies from light brown to dark gray, often with a distinctive dark zigzag pattern along its back. These snakes usually measure between 60 to 90 centimeters.
The European grass snake (Natrix natrix), called “buorm,” is the largest of Norway’s snakes, reaching up to 1.5 meters. They are typically dark green or brown with stripes and may have yellow or white spots on their necks. These snakes are strong swimmers, often found near aquatic environments.
The European smooth snake (Coronella austriaca), or “slettsnok,” grows up to about 60 to 75 centimeters long. These shy reptiles are generally gray or brown with dark spots. Their notably smooth scales distinguish them from other local species.
Identifying Venomous Snakes
A key feature for identifying the common adder is the dark zigzag band running down its back; some individuals can be entirely black. Its head often has a distinct V or X marking. Its pupils are vertical, unlike the round pupils of non-venomous snakes.
The common adder’s venom is typically not fatal to healthy adults but can cause painful local symptoms like swelling, bruising, and tissue damage. While a bite can be severe, leading to systemic effects, fatalities are rare. Bites usually occur only if the snake feels threatened, is stepped on, or is handled.
Where Snakes Are Found
Common adders are widespread across Norway, found even north of the Arctic Circle and at elevations up to 1000 meters. They often inhabit forest clearings, marshlands, heathlands, and sunny, rocky areas where they can bask.
Grass snakes are commonly found near water sources like marshes, ponds, and wetlands, particularly in southern Norway. They are adaptable and can also be sighted in drier environments such as gardens and woodlands. Smooth snakes prefer drier habitats, including heathlands and rocky slopes, primarily along Norway’s southern coast, from the Oslofjord to Rogaland.
Encounters and Safety
Snakes in Norway generally prefer to avoid human contact and will usually retreat if disturbed. If you encounter a snake, remain calm, observe it from a safe distance, and avoid provoking or handling it. Allowing the snake to move away naturally is the best course of action.
If a snake bite occurs, keep the bitten limb as still as possible to limit venom spread. Remove any jewelry or tight clothing from the affected area before swelling begins. Seek immediate medical attention, especially for children, the elderly, or individuals with pre-existing health conditions, who may experience more severe reactions. Avoid traditional first aid methods like applying a tourniquet, cutting the wound, or attempting to suck out the venom, as these actions can worsen the situation.