The presence of polar bears in Iceland often sparks curiosity, as these powerful predators are commonly associated with the high Arctic. Many wonder if these creatures are native to the island or if their appearance is an unusual event. Understanding the true relationship between polar bears and Iceland involves examining their natural habitat and the circumstances that bring them to Icelandic shores.
Presence in Iceland
Polar bears are not native to Iceland. They primarily inhabit Arctic regions like Greenland, Canada, Russia, Alaska, and Norway, where sea ice provides crucial hunting grounds for seals. While Iceland is a northern country, its geographical location and lack of year-round Arctic sea ice mean it does not form part of their traditional habitat. Any appearances of polar bears in Iceland are rare and considered accidental.
Records indicate occasional sightings of polar bears in Iceland dating back to the 9th century, with approximately 700 instances documented over this long period. Since 1951, observations have occurred on average every other year, with the most recent reported sighting and subsequent shooting in September 2024.
How They Reach Iceland
Polar bears typically reach Iceland by drifting on ice floes or icebergs from Greenland. The distance between Iceland and Greenland is approximately 300 kilometers at its narrowest point. Changing sea currents and melting ice can carry these bears far from their usual hunting grounds, bringing them toward Icelandic shores.
These journeys are often arduous, and the bears usually arrive disoriented and hungry after extended periods adrift at sea. Though strong swimmers, their arrival in Iceland largely depends on sea ice allowing them to travel close enough to land before swimming ashore. Environmental factors, such as the rapid melting of pack ice, can force bears to seek land.
Response to Sightings
Icelandic authorities have established clear protocols for responding to polar bear sightings. While polar bears are a protected species in Iceland, they can be killed if they pose a direct threat to human safety or livestock. This policy stems from the understanding that Iceland lacks the necessary habitat and food sources for polar bears to survive long-term.
Following significant sightings in 2008, a task force recommended that killing vagrant bears was the most appropriate response. This decision considers the high cost and logistical challenges of capturing and relocating such an animal, including airlifting it back to Greenland. Concerns also exist regarding the potential for disease transmission if bears were to be returned to their native populations. When sighted, local authorities, often the police, assess the threat and take action, frequently resulting in the bear being shot. The body of the bear is typically transported to the Icelandic Institute of Natural History for examination and research.