Mountain lions are present in Montana, where they are a functional and valued part of the state’s wildland ecosystems. These adaptable predators have reoccupied their historic statewide range. Their continued presence reflects Montana’s conservation efforts for native wildlife and habitats.
Where They Roam in Montana
Mountain lions are widely distributed across Montana, primarily inhabiting the western and central portions of the state. Recent observations indicate their return to eastern Montana, demonstrating adaptability. Approximately 51% of Montana, or about 74,000 square miles, is considered suitable mountain lion habitat.
These large felines prefer areas with rugged terrain, such as steep canyons, and thick vegetation, including brushy understory, which provides essential cover. Their presence is closely linked to the availability of prey, particularly deer and elk, which constitute a significant portion of their diet. Mountain lions tend to avoid areas with high human activity, but the expansion of human recreation and development into wild spaces can increase encounters.
Understanding Mountain Lion Behavior
Mountain lions, also known as cougars or pumas, are solitary animals, generally traveling alone except when females are raising their young or during mating season. They are apex predators, primarily hunting ungulates such as deer, elk, and bighorn sheep. Smaller mammals like porcupines, rabbits, and even mice can also be part of their diet.
These cats are primarily crepuscular, active during dawn and dusk, which aligns with their main prey’s activity patterns. While they are mostly active during these twilight hours, they can also be nocturnal, especially in areas with significant human presence where they adjust their activity to avoid people. Mountain lions are naturally secretive and typically avoid human contact. They are stalking predators, relying on cover to get close to their prey before ambushing.
Minimizing Encounters and Staying Safe
Coexisting safely with mountain lions requires awareness and adherence to specific precautions. When recreating outdoors, it is advisable to hike in groups and avoid solo, fast-paced activities at dawn, dusk, or night, as these are times when mountain lions are most active. Keeping children close and pets leashed at all times is important, as small movements can attract a lion’s attention. Avoiding areas with dense brush or rock overhangs, where lions might seek cover, can also reduce the chance of a surprise encounter.
Securing food and garbage prevents attracting prey animals, which can draw mountain lions to residential areas or campsites. If you encounter a mountain lion, remain calm and avoid running, as this can trigger their chase instinct. Instead, make yourself appear large by raising your arms, opening your jacket, and making noise with a firm, loud voice. Maintain eye contact and slowly back away, giving the lion an escape route. If a mountain lion attacks, fight back aggressively using any available objects like rocks, sticks, or bare hands, focusing on protecting your head and neck; carrying bear spray can also be an effective deterrent.