Moles are present in Southern California. These subterranean mammals inhabit various areas within the state, including coastal foothills, mountain ranges, and the entire coastal zone. Their presence is particularly noticeable in locations with moist, rich soil, which supports their preferred food sources.
Identifying Southern California Moles
Southern California is home to specific mole species, primarily the Northern broad-footed mole (Scapanus latimanus) and the Southern broad-footed mole (Scapanus occultus). They are insectivores, not rodents, belonging to a distinct mammalian order. Moles typically measure between five and eight inches in length, with a cylindrical body shape.
Their appearance includes velvety fur, which can range from dark brown to silvery gray, and a pointed snout. Moles have small, inconspicuous eyes and no visible external ears, adaptations suited for their underground existence. A distinguishing feature is their large, paddle-like front paws with strong claws, adapted for efficient digging.
Signs of Mole Activity
The most common indicators of mole presence are the soil disturbances they create. Molehills are volcano-shaped mounds of loose soil, created when moles push excavated dirt to the surface. These mounds can sometimes appear in a line, indicating a connecting tunnel below.
Another sign is the presence of surface runways, which are raised ridges of soil across lawns or gardens. These shallow tunnels are created as moles forage just beneath the surface. It is important to differentiate these from gopher mounds, which are typically crescent-shaped with a plugged hole, as gophers are plant-eaters and create different types of damage.
Understanding Mole Behavior
Moles are insectivores, eating earthworms, grubs, and other soil-dwelling insects. They consume a large amount of food daily, often 70% to 100% of their body weight, to sustain energy demands from constant tunneling. Moles construct extensive tunnel systems, including shallow feeding tunnels and deeper, more permanent burrows for shelter and nesting.
Moles are solitary and territorial, each typically occupying its own tunnel system. They defend their burrow networks from other moles, except during the breeding season from late winter through early spring. Moles remain active year-round, operating day and night, though their surface activity often increases after rainfall when the soil is easier to dig and prey is more accessible.
Coexisting with Moles
Moles contribute to soil health. Their tunneling naturally aerates the soil, improving drainage and allowing oxygen to reach plant roots. This process, known as bioturbation, can also help distribute nutrients. Moles also act as natural pest controllers by consuming grubs, insect larvae, and other invertebrates that can harm plants.
While moles offer these benefits, their tunneling can disrupt lawns and gardens. Humane strategies for deterring moles focus on creating an environment they find less appealing. Installing physical barriers, such as burying hardware cloth or wire mesh at least two feet deep around garden beds, can prevent moles from entering. Reducing excessive soil moisture and the availability of their primary food sources, like grubs, can also make an area less attractive to moles.