Falcons are present in Tennessee. This article explores the specific falcon species inhabiting the state and provides guidance on where and how to best observe them.
Falcon Species Found in Tennessee
The Peregrine Falcon, known as the fastest bird in the world, can reach speeds over 200 miles per hour during hunting dives. Adults have a distinctive slate-blue or gray back, a white or buff underside, and a prominent black “moustache” mark on their pale cheeks. Historically, Peregrine Falcons nested on cliffs, but they have adapted to urban environments, often nesting on tall buildings that mimic their natural rocky ledges. Their diet primarily consists of other birds, such as pigeons and shorebirds, which they snatch from the air. While found in Tennessee year-round, they are considered uncommon residents, with a few active nesting sites in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
The American Kestrel, North America’s smallest falcon, is a common sight across Tennessee. Males display striking blue-gray wings, a rusty-orange back and tail, and two dark vertical stripes on each side of their face. Females are more uniformly rust-colored with dark barring. These adaptable falcons prefer open habitats like fields, meadows, and agricultural lands, frequently perching on wires or fence posts. Their diet mainly includes large insects, small mammals, and small birds, sometimes captured after hovering in mid-air. American Kestrels are widespread residents throughout Tennessee, though their populations are showing general declines across their range.
The Merlin is a small falcon, often seen in Tennessee during migration and occasionally in winter. This species lacks the strong facial markings of other falcons, featuring short, pointed wings, a long, banded tail, and brown streaking on its chest. Merlins are typically found in open areas and along rivers, though they can also adapt to urban settings where small birds are abundant. They primarily hunt small to medium-sized birds, which they catch in mid-air with powerful, direct flight. There are no known nesting records for Merlins in Tennessee; they are considered an uncommon migrant and rare winter resident, present from mid-September to late April.
Where to Find and Observe Falcons
To maximize your chances of spotting falcons, consider visiting open areas such as agricultural lands, large parks, or along major river systems. Urban areas with tall buildings can also be good locations, particularly for Peregrine Falcons. Early mornings and late afternoons are often the best times for observation, as falcons are most active during these periods while hunting. Bringing binoculars is highly recommended for detailed viewing.
When observing falcons, it is important to practice ethical birdwatching to avoid disturbing these raptors. Maintain a respectful distance and avoid approaching nests or perching birds too closely. Using binoculars or a telephoto lens allows for close-up views. Staying on marked paths and adhering to park regulations also helps protect their habitats.
Distinguishing falcons from other raptors, like hawks, is possible by observing their flight patterns and wing shapes. Falcons typically have long, narrow, and pointed wings, enabling rapid wingbeats and incredibly fast flight. They often hunt with high-speed dives or direct pursuits. In contrast, hawks generally have broader, more rounded wings and tend to soar or glide more frequently, using slower wingbeats.