Brown bears, often referred to as grizzlies in North America, do not inhabit the state of New Hampshire. The only bear species native to New Hampshire is the black bear (Ursus americanus). This distinction is important for understanding their behavior and how to coexist safely.
The Bears of New Hampshire
Black bears are the sole bear species residing in New Hampshire, with a healthy population estimated between 4,800 and 6,300 individuals statewide. Their distribution spans all ten counties, reflecting their adaptability to various environments within the state.
Distinguishing black bears from brown bears involves observing several physical characteristics beyond just fur color, as black bears can exhibit various shades from black to brown, cinnamon, or even blonde. Black bears lack the prominent shoulder hump seen in brown bears, and their facial profile is straighter rather than dished. They also possess shorter, more curved claws, well-suited for climbing trees.
Black bears primarily inhabit forested areas, including deciduous and mixed forests, often with thick understory vegetation. Wetlands and riparian zones are also significant components of their habitat. As omnivores, their diet is diverse and seasonal, consisting largely of plant matter (around 80%), supplemented by insects, small mammals, and carrion. During spring, they consume grasses and new plants, shifting to berries, fruits, and insects in summer, and relying on hard mast like beechnuts and acorns in the fall to prepare for winter.
Encountering Bears in New Hampshire
Black bears are shy and avoid human contact, but they are also opportunistic foragers, especially when natural food sources are scarce. This can lead them to seek human-provided foods, increasing the potential for encounters. To prevent attracting bears, secure food, garbage, and pet food indoors or in bear-resistant containers. Bird feeders should be removed from April 1 through December 1, as they are a common attractant.
If a bear is sighted, maintain a safe distance and make noise (e.g., clapping or talking) to encourage it to leave. If a bear does not immediately retreat, it may be due to the presence of food, and any food items should be removed. In the rare event of a bluff charge, where a bear may huff, slap the ground, or rush towards you before veering away, stand your ground, speak calmly, and slowly back away without running or turning your back. Running can trigger a chase response, and black bears are agile climbers and runners. While black bear attacks are rare, fighting back is recommended in the event of a physical attack.